Isolation from pulp

Visakh PM, Thomas S, Oksman K, Mathew AP (2012) Effect of cellulose nanofibers isolated from pulp residue on vulcanized natural rubber. BioResources 7(2) 2156-2168... 

Natural resins were probably known to early people, who recognized them as exudates from trees. Collection and use of these resins have been recorded by early Roman and Greek historians. Many products have been collected by the same methods throughout history to the present time. However, increased labor costs and competition from synthetic resins have reduced the demand for some natural resins, so they have become less available. In other cases, such as that of rosin, the traditional collection of gum from trees has been supplemented or replaced by isolation from other sources, such as paper pulping and tree stumps. 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated dkecfly tall oil fatty acids are isolated from the soaps generated as a by-product of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. Refined tall oil fatty acids are obtained by acidification of the soaps, followed by fractional distillation to separate the fatty acids from the rosin acids and terpene hydrocarbons that also are present in the cmde tall oil fatty acids (see Carboxylic acids Fatty ACIDS FROMTALL OIL). 

Potential resources of xylans are by-products produced in forestry and the pulp and paper industries (forest chips, wood meal and shavings), where GX and AGX comprise 25-35% of the biomass as well as annual crops (straw, stalks, husk, hulls, bran, etc.), which consist of 25-50% AX, AGX, GAX, and CHX [4]. New results were reported for xylans isolated from flax fiber [16,68], abaca fiber [69], wheat straw [70,71], sugar beet pulp [21,72], sugarcane bagasse [73], rice straw [74], wheat bran [35,75], and jute bast fiber [18]. Recently, about 39% hemicelluloses were extracted from vetiver grasses [76]. 

The TMAHP-MGX isolated from cationized aspen sawdust was reported to be applicable as a beater additive it significantly increased the tear strength of bleached spruce organosolv pulp [3]. The TMAHP derivatives prepared from isolated xylans were shown to improve the paper-making properties and... 

The number of reports about hemicelluloses that have been covered by this review indicates the significantly increased importance of all types of hemicelluloses as plant constituents and isolated polymers during the last decade. Attention has been paid not only to known hemicelluloses but also to the primary structure, physicochemical, physical, and various functional properties of hemicelluloses isolated from hitherto uninvestigated plants. The efforts to exploit a variety of plant as potential sources of hemicelluloses were pointed out particularly for agricultural crops, wood wastes, as well as for by-products of pulp and rayon fiber technologies. Many studies were devoted to characterize seed-storage hemicelluloses from plants that have been traditionally applied in food and medicine of many underdeveloped countries to find substitutes for imported commercial food giuns. 

KP pectin from sugar beet pulp was from Kobenhavns Pectinfabrik (Lille Skensved, Denmark). G-pectin was extracted from the whole sugar beet by Grindsted Products, Denmark. A preparation of modified hairy regions (MHR) was isolated from apple [5]. The non pectic acetylated substrates are described elsewhere [6,7,8]. 

OE097 Tejero Mateo, M. P., A. Gil Serrano, and ]. PemandeZ Blanos. Polysaccharides in olives. VII. Study a galacto-glucomannan isolated from olive pulp of the variety Gordal. Ann Quim Ser C 1986 82(2) 158-161. OEllO... 

The detailed procedure of starch isolation from potato tubers is as follows. Potato tubers (10 kg) are washed, peeled, sliced into 2-3 cm cubes, and soaked in distilled water containing 20 mM sodium bisulfite and 10 mM citric acid for 2 hours to prevent darkening. The cubes are then disintegrated using a centrifugal juice extractor, the pulp is suspended in 6 L of distilled water and passed through the extractor again, and starch milk is collected. The milk is allowed to sediment for 30 minutes the supernatant and the suspended solids are removed by decantation, and the... 

More recently, several aroma compounds were isolated from cupuacu pulp by vacuum distillation, solid-phase extraction, and simultaneous steam distil-lation-extarction and were analysed by GC, GC-MS, and GG-O [8]. The olfaction of the extracts obtained by solid-phase extraction indicated linalool, a-ter-pineol, 2-phenylethanol, myrcene, and limonene as contributors of the pleasant floral flavour. In this study, the esters ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and butyl butanoate were involved in the typical fruity characteristics. 

In the sulphite pulping process wood cut into pieces is subjected to kiering in a calcium bisulphite solution under a pressure of 3-8 kg/cm2, at 120-145°C for 7-30 hr. The higher the temperature, the shorter the time of boiling. Substances accompanying cellulose dissolve in the liquor. Lignin is converted into a soluble lignin sulphonic acid. Cellulose is isolated from the solution, known as sulphite cellulose lye, and washed with water. 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated directly tall oil fatty acids arc isolated from the soaps generated as byproducts of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. 

Vanillin structures can be considered to be minor lignin end groups and compounds containing vanillin moieties were isolated from all wood and pulp samples. The yields were, however, much lower than those of either coniferyl alcohol... 

Organosolv lignin was isolated from black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa) which had been pulped using a methanol/water (70/30) solvent system with NaHSC>4 as a catalyst (28). The chloroform-soluble fraction of this lignin was utilized in this study. lH-nmr broad peaks were observed at 3.7 and 6.7 ppm C-nmr 55.9 (-OCH3), and other typical lignin peaks were observed from 103 ppm to 152 ppm. 

Hoffman et al. (18) conducted a parametric study to determine the effect of bacterial strain, N/P molar ratio, the partial pressure of CO2, the coal source and the total reactive surface area on the rate and extent of oxidative dissolution of iron pyrite at a fixed oxygen pressure. The bacterial desulfurization of high pyritic sulfur coal could be achieved in 8 to 12 days for pulp densities upto 20% and particle size of less than 7 um. The most effective strains of T. ferrooxidans were isolated from the natural systems, and the most effective nutrient medium contained low phosphate levels, with an optimal N/P molar ratio of 90 1. 

The beam-breaker technique is useful for detecting large and abrasive materials such as coal, minerals, wood chips, and vegetable pulp. It is also useful for detecting very light materials such as dry sawdust and powdered materials in fluidized beds. This technique can also be considered for use on difficult-to-handle liquids that are viscous, toxic, or hazardous because the detector is isolated from the vessel contents. 

An enzyme preparation isolated from the pulp of the banana fruit was shown to contain tyramine hydroxylase activity (351). Dopamine is the main product when tyramine serves as substrate. A similar enzyme oxidizing tyrosine to dopa has also been found in banana (352). 

Sjostrom, E., and Enstrom, B. (1967). Characterization of acidic polysaccharides isolated from different pulps. Tappi 50, 32-36. 

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