Nutrient effect

An important point relevant to the above results is that the diet was identical for all groups within a given experiment except for protein source. This is necessary to distinguish specific nutrient effects but does not reflect actual food consumption since intake of animal protein is also associated with increased ingestion of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Therefore, it is only... 

Bacterial leaching, minerals, 36 115-121 laboratory reactors, 36 116-117 monitoring organism growth, 36 117-119 nutrient effects, 36 119 pH control, 36 121 toxicity effects, 36 119 Bacterioferritin, see also Bacfer cluster, 43 362-363... 

Fetus -mineral nutrients effect on [MINERAL NUTRIENTS] (Vol 16) -ultrasonic imaging of [MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY] (Vol 16)... 

Hormones - [BIOSENSORS] (Vol 4) - [PROTEINS] (Vol 20) -analysis of [BIOPOLYMERS - ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES] (Vol 4) -brain oligopeptides [HORMONES - BRAIN OLIGOPEPTIDES] (Vol 13) -detection of [BIOPOLYMERS - ANALYTICALTECHNIQUES] (Vol 4) -effect of growth regulators [GROWTHREGULATIONS - ANIMAL] (Vol 12) -immunoassay for [IMMUNOASSAY] (Vol 14) -mineral nutrients effect on [MINERAL NUTRIENTS] (Vol 16)... 

In animals, metabolic energy is stored by phosphorylation (done with Mg in kinases) after oxidation of nutrients, effected by enzymes using Zn or Mo or Cu (oxidoreductases). 

Smith V. H. (1986) Light and nutrient effects on the relative biomass of blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 148—153. 

Frailty is not a simple characteristic to define, but it clearly includes factors such as loss of muscle strength and weakness, limited mobility, being underweight and failing to use nutrients effectively.28 Eventually, the progressive decline means that many elderly people cannot cope alone and require assistance. Some older people, nevertheless, are relatively unaffected and continue to be able and active. So there must be differences between those who manifest major signs... 

Nutrient Effects May Be Determined by Genetic Differences in People.7... 

The second mechanism for nutrient effects on gene regulation involves direet interaction of nutrients with transeription factors that enter the nucleus and bind regulatory sites in the DNA to influence gene expression. Polyimsaturated fatty adds have been shown to influence expression of multiple genes by this mechanism. 23... 

BOX 15.1 Nutrient effects on embryonic gene expression, embryo survival and subsequent performance... 

There is a wealth of information available on the rat model, including the nutrient effects on biochemistry, cell biology, neurophysiology, anatomy, and behavior. 

In some instances, such as when rats may possess different tissue metabolism and cortical function compared with humans, the rat model may be inappropriately extrapolated to humans. For example, the newborn human has relatively more cortical activity than the rat, so nutrient effects on cortical structures may be underestimated in the rat model. In contrast, the rat has a large and metabolically active hippocampus at birth relative to the human. Thus nutrient perturbations, such as iron deficiency, protein-energy malnutrition, or hypoglycemia, which profoundly affect the rat s hippocampus, may overestimate the effect in humans. 

The fundamental question that must be answered in the assessment of nutrient effects on neurodevelopment is whether nutritionally induced alterations in brain development result in changes in brain function, loosely defined as behavior. Specific considerations include ... 

The optimal use of an integrated methods approach should allow assessment of nutrient effects on behavior, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and form-function relationships (e.g., time-locked combinations of methods, such as functional MRI). It is important to have assessments that tap similar brain areas across species (from human to rodent), allowing extrapolation of CNS effects at the tissue level (rodents) to species where tissue is unavailable (humans, nonhuman primates). Table 5-13 provides examples of the cross-referencing of behavioral tasks across three species. 

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