ISEE technology

ISE technologies are available from multiple vendors. The RIMS library/database contains separate technology summaries for several ISE technologies ... 

ISEs of the type shown in Fig. 2 are often expensive to fabricate as well as being relatively large in size. Conventional ISEs remain expensive to fabricate when transferred from the laboratory to mass-production scale and more work is being directed towards changing this trend. The high production cost is mainly due to the presence of an internal reference solution and therefore production normally requires large electrode dimensions. At present, most of the commercially available potentiostatic devices are based on conventional ISE technology. 

Undoubtedly, advances in ISE technology over the past IS years have had their greatest impact in the clinical chemistry laboratory. Indeed, flame photometers and atomic absorption instruments, for years the workhorses of most laboratories, have become obsolete as newer ISE-based instruments and methods now perform the task of determining electrolyte levels in blood and urine samples. Clearly, electrochemical measurement of fluid components is desirable, since in many cases no dilution or pretreatment of the sample is required before the actual measurement. Thus final test results are obtained more rapidly and economically. 

Up until this point, we have reviewed the state of ISE technology with regard to the measurement of inorganic ions and certain gases. In view of the advantages offered by an ISE-based analytical determination, biomedical... 

The ISEE technology is applicable for treating unsaturated soil contaminated with hexavalent chromium. According to SNL, this technology can be modified to... 

Prof. Claude Mo ise Laboratoire de Synthese et d Electrosynthese Organometalliques associe au CNRS Faculte des Sciences 6, Bd Gabriel 21000 Dijon France Prof. Fumie Sato Department of Biomolecular Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan... 

Kreysa G (1992) Electrochemical technologies for clean environment, PL-1, 43rd ISE Meeting, Cordoba, rept 20-25, Argentina... 

ISE is a commercially available technology. It has been implemented at sites contaminated with petroleum products (e.g., gasoline, diesel fnel, jet fnel) and solvents. The technology is capable of treating soil with underground obstrnctions snch as bnried tanks, utility lines, and buried rock and debris. This technology cannot remediate metals. 

Cost estimates for dynamic underground stripping (DUS), which incorporates ISE along with electrical soil heating, may be found in Technology Summary T0748. 

In situ electrokinetic extraction (ISEE) is an in situ extraction technology that uses specialized lysimeter electrodes to remove anionic contamination from unsaturated soil. This technology is primarily used on soils with low permeabilities. During ISEE, a direct electric current is... 

The technology has undergone bench-scale testing and a field demonstration in conjunction with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA s) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration program. ISEE is not commercially available. 

ISEE is limited by the type of contaminant, pH, pore water chemistry, amount of pore water, contaminant and noncontaminant ion concentrations, precipitation reactions, and reduction-oxidation properties of the site. It may be difficult to estimate the time that will be required to remediate a site using this technology. Heterogeneities or anomahes in the soil will reduce removal efficiencies. ISEE is a developing technology. Further research is required to determine the technology s limitations and ramifications. 

Chapters 1 to 5 deal with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors or ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Chapters 6 to 11 cover voltammetric sensors and biosensors and their various applications. The third section (Chapter 12) is dedicated to gas analysis. Chapters 13 to 17 deal with enzyme based sensors. Chapters 18 to 22 are dedicated to immuno-sensors and genosensors. Chapters 23 to 29 cover thick and thin film based sensors and the final section (Chapters 30 to 38) is focused on novel trends in electrochemical sensor technologies based on electronic tongues, micro and nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, etc. 

Fluoridation of water is often used to help reduce tooth decay. However, whereas levels of 1 ppm are commonly used, excessive fluoride levels (>2 ppm) can be a problem and need to be corrected. Analytical Technology Inc. manufactures a fluoride-sensitive ISE for this purpose [152]. 

This research was conducted within RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (ISE), a unit of the RAND Corporation. The mission of ISE is to improve the development, operation, use, and protection of society s essential built and natural assets, and to enhance the related social assets of safety and security of individuals in transit and in their workplaces and communities. The ISE research portfolio encompasses research and analysis on a broad range of policy areas including homeland security, criminal justice, public safety, occupational safety, the environment, energy, natural resources, climate, agriculture, economic development, transportation, information and telecommunications technologies, space exploration, and other aspects of science and technology policy. 

With the development of ion-selection electrode technology (ISE), a means became available to directly measure (no dilution) sodium and potassium in the presence of clinical samples containing a significant amount of protein or lipids. Because of non-aqueous components in the sample matrix, the volume occupied by sodium and potassium ions is less than the total volume of the sample. When using a technique that requires dilution (flame photometry) or utilizes dilution (indirect-ISE), a lower concentration is observed than that obtained with direct-ISE. In as much as the bias can be clinically significant (up to 1% in some instances) it is important that the method used be taken into accoimt. ... 

Meanwhile, the science of chemical sensors was developing fast. The technology of polymer-supported liquid membranes was already a mature science, as it was more than 15 years since it was first reported. The use of plasticized PVC allowed for the construction of membrane-based sensors with great ease, and gave sensor technology a new boost. It was the same basic technology that was subsequently used for the development of liquid-polymeric-based ISEs. 

FIG. 1 Schematic cross sections of selected microelectrode configurations, (a) Nomenclature for parts of microelectrode, (b) Na+-sensitive microelectrode (22), (c) recessed-tip Na+-sensitive microelectrode (27), (d) liquid ion-exchanger micropipette electrode (38), (e) coated wire electrode (16), (f) flow-through ISE (e.g., NOVA 6, Boehringer ISE 2020), (g) micro-capillary glass electrode of tubular shape (e.g., Radelkis OP-266), (h) planar sensor fabricated by microelectronic technology (93), (i) ISFET sensor (94). 

---