Ischemia neuroprotection

Marinov MB, Harbaugh KS, Hoopes PJ, Pikus HI, Harbaugh RE. Neuroprotective effects of preischemia intraarterial magnesium sulfate in reversible focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1996 85 117-124. 

Du C, Hu R, Csemansky CA, Liu XZ, Hsu CY, Choi DW. Additive neuroprotective effects of dextrorphan and cycloheximide in rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1996 718 233-236. 

Schmid-Elsaesser R, Hungerhuber E, Zausinger S, Baethmann A, Reulen HJ. Neuroprotective efficacy of combination therapy with two different antioxidants in rats subjected to transient focal ischemia. Brain Res 1999 816 471 79. 

Yang Y, Li Q, Shuaib A. Enhanced neuroprotection and reduced hemorrhagic incidence in focal cerebral ischemia of rat by low dose combination therapy of urokinase and topiramate. Neuropharmacology 2000 39 881-888. 

Ginsberg MD. H3fpothermic neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia. In Welch KMA, Caplan LR, Reis DJ, Siesjo BK, Weir B, editors Primer on cerebrovascular diseases. San Diego Academic Press 1997. p 272-275. 

Schabitz WR, Schade H, Heiland S, Kollmar R, Bardutzky J, Henninger N, Muller H, Carl U, Toyokuni S, Sommer C, Schwab S. Neuroprotection by hyperbaric oxygenation after experimental focal cerebral ischemia monitored by mr-imaging. Stroke 2004 35 1175-1179. 

Yu, T.L., Gu, J.L., Lysko, P.G., Cheng, H.Y., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G. (1992). Neuroprotective effects of phenyl-f-butyl-nitrone in gerbil global brain ischemia and in cultured rat cerebellar neurons. Brain Res. 574, 193-197. 

Buisson, A., Margaill, L, Callebert, J., Plotkine, M. and Boulu, R.G. (1993). Mechanism involved in the neuroprotective activity of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor during focal cerebral ischemia. J. Neurochem. 61, 690-696. 

Excitatory amino acid-receptor antagonists can provide neuroprotection in experimental models of hypoxia-ischemia 565... 

Thrombolytics and drugs targeting several injury pathways have shown efficacy in models of hypoxia-ischemia. A number of neuroprotective strategies have been identified in animal models of ischemia, and many... 

In cerebrovascular diseases, the phospholipase-A2-related signaling triggered by ischemia-reperfusion may be part of a delicate balance between neuroprotection and neuronal cell death 584... 

D1 (10,17S-docosatriene) from DHA using tandem liquid chromatography-photodiode array-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-ESI-MS-MS)-based lipidomic analysis have been documented in ischemic brain [4] and retinal pigment epithelium [5], This new lipid is called neuroprotectin D1 (1) because of its neuro-protectiveproperties in brain ischemia-reperfusion [4] and in oxidative stress-challenged retinal pigment epithelial cells [5] (2) because of its potent ability to inactivate proapoptotic signaling (see apoptosis, Ch. 35) [5] and (3) because it is the first identified neuroprotective mediator derived from DHA. 

Bradykinin b2 Human cDNA Asthma, arthritis, cancer, hypertension, inflammation, migraine, myocardial ischemia, pain, rhinitis, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, nociception Vasodilatation, stimulation of natriuresis-diuresis in kidney, smooth muscle contraction, induction of hyperalgesia, edema, neuroprotection... 

Endothelin eta Human cDNA Acute pancreatitis, artherosderosis, cancer, hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, myocardial ischemia, prostatic hypertrophy, pulmonary fibrosis, stroke, ulcer, pain Vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, positive cardiac inotropy, proliferative responses, aldosterone secretion, neuroprotection... 

Norepinephrine NE transporter Human cDNA Depression, Alzheimer s disease, epilepsy, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, angina, asthma, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, hypertension, artherosclerosis, narcolepsy, orthostatic hypotension, prostatic hyperplasia, rhinitis, diabetes, diarrhea, glaucoma, impotence, obesity, opiate withdrawal pain, Raynaud s disease, preterm labor pain Modulation of norepinephrine concentration in the neuronal synaptic clefts, neuroprotection... 

Since the early 1980s, much effort has focused on animal models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration in search of therapeutics for stroke. Neuronal cell death follows strokes, acute ischemic insults, and chronic neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson s disease, Alzheimer s disease (AD), epilepsy, and Huntington s disease. Up to 80% of all strokes result from focal infarcts and ischemia in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), so the commonly used animal models for neuroprotection are produced by temporary or permanent occlusion of the MCA.5 Lesions of the MCA include occlusion by electrocoagulation, intraluminal monofilaments, photochemical effects, thrombosis, and endothelin-1, but all of these models necessitate studying reperfusion events and validating MCA occlusion by behavioral assessments. 

At this time, however, we are not aware of any compounds selected primarily by their neuroprotection activity on rodent models that have established clinical efficacy for dementias or related neurodegenerative diseases. This may be partially explained by their priority development for stroke, and clinicians have found it is difficult or unlikely to slow the ischemia in patients if they are not treated aggressively within 3 h of the initial ischemic event. The speed of neurodegeneration in stroke (cerebral ischemia) makes it a much more difficult target for drug intervention than neurodegeneration from slower pathologies such as Alzheimer s, Parkinson s, and malfunctions in neurotransmitters. 

Neuroprotective effects Hydergine may have some neuroprotective effects. It protects neurons in hippocampai CAl foiiowing ischemia (Izumiyama et ai. 1988). Hydergine aiso increases the activity of the anti-... 

Min, J., Senut, M. C., Rajanikant, K., Greengerg, E., Banagi, R., Zemke, D., Mousa, A., Kassab, M., Farooq, M. U., Gupta, R., and Majid, A. (2008). Differential neuroprotective effects of carnosine, anserine and N-acetyl carnosine against permanent focal ischemia. 

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