Irrigated rice soils

Figure 7.2 Typical annual nutrient balances for irrigated rice soils pre- and post-1960 calculated from probable inputs (left side of each graph) and outputs (right side) (data from Greenland, 1997). Inputs come from R = rainfall, F = floodwater and irrigation, S = sediments, N = nitrogen fixation and M = manures and fertilizers. Outputs are due to removals in Cg = rice grain, Cs = rice straw. Cl = legume crop, S = seepage and percolation and G = gaseous emission...

Myttenaere, C., Bordeau, P. and Bittel, R. (1969a). Relative importance of water and soil in the indirect radiocaesium and radiocobalt contamination of irrigated rice fields, page 175 in Agricultural end Public Health Aspects of Environmental Contamination by Radioactive Materials, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/226 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

Despite the burning of crop residues in the productive, irrigated rice areas of tropical and subtropical Asia, and their removal for other purposes in the low-producing rainfed rice areas, soil carbon levels are largely constant (Bronson et al., 1998). In any case, the amount of carbon in the shallow puddled layer of ricefields amounts to only a few per cent of the amount in natural wetlands. 

Bucher S. 2001. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in irrigated rice as influenced by soil drying during the fallow period, straw incorporation, and tillage. PhD thesis, ETH-Zilrich. 

De Datta S K, Buresh RJ. 1989. Integrated nitrogen management in irrigated rice. Advances in Soil Science 10 143-169. 

Dobermann A, Santa Cruz PC, Cassman KG. 1996. Fertilizer inputs, nutrient balance, and soil nutrient-supplying power in intensive, irrigated rice systems. I. Potassium uptake and K balance. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 46 1-10. 

Neue HU, Bloom PR. 1989. Nutrient kinetics and availability in flooded rice soils. In Progress in Irrigated Rice Research. Manila International Rice Research Institute, 173-190. 

Oik DC, Cassman KG, Mahieu N, Randall EW. 1998. Conserved chemical properties of young humic acid fractions in tropical lowland soil under intensive irrigated rice cropping. European Journal of Soil Science 49 337-349. 

Witt C, Cassman KG, Oik DC, Biker U, Liboon SP, Samson MI, Ottow JCG. 2000. Crop rotation and residue management effects on carbon sequestration, nitrogen cychng and productivity of irrigated rice systems. Plant and Soil 225 263-278. 

Dabin, P., Marafante, E., Mousny, J.M. Myttenaere, C. (1978). Absorption, distribution and binding of cadmium and zinc in irrigated rice plants. Plant and Soil Science 50, 329-41. 

Ceuppens J. and Wopereis M. C. S. (1999) Impact of non-drained irrigated rice cropping on soil salinization in the Senegal River Delta. Geoderma 92, 125-140. 

The content of mobile copper form (extracted by acetate-ammonium buffer with pH 4.8) in all soil types varies from 0.05 to 0.41 ppm, being less than 1% from total content. However, it increases sharply in polluted soils of orchards and vineyards until 2.4-12.5 ppm. Some increase occurs also in rice soils, up to 0.26-0.94 ppm. It is clear that this increase is connected with application of irrigation and fungicides. The comparison of Cu content with maximum permissible levels for soils (55 ppm for total and 5 ppm for mobile forms) allowed the researchers to conclude that about 5% of agroecosystem soils are polluted by copper. 

Wetlands, including tropical and subtropical irrigated rice, have soil conditions suitable for both methane and nitrous oxide formation and, as a result, are major anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide. Aerobic and anaerobic enviromnents existing in wetland soil-plant systems provide conditions for both production and consumption of methane and nitrous... 

Bautista, A. C., J. C. Bunoan, Jr., and R. Feuer. 1980. Development of the Zmc Extension Component for Irrigated Rice in the Philippine Masagana 99 Production Program," Presented at the Symposium on Paddy Soils, Nanjing, China, October 19-24, 1980. 

A small proportion of the metals discharged into water-courses never reaches the sea, for pollutant elements present in rivers can accumulate in stream sediments [88] or can contaminate the soil in adjoining low-lying land when flooding occurs, or when river water is used for irrigation. Reference was made in Chapter 6.6.4 to the problem of cadmium toxicity which arose in Japan when water which was contaminated with cadmium was used to irrigate rice fields. 

Figure 8.7 Emissions of CH4 and N2O during a rice crop with different water, straw and fertilizer managements. Single upward arrow = drainage double downward arrow = flood irrigation (Bronson et al, 1997a). Reproduced by permission of Soil Sci. Soc. Am.

Roychowdhury, T. Impact of sedimentary arsenic through irrigated groundwater on soil, plant, crops and human continuum from Bengal delta special reference to raw and cooked rice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 2856-2864 (2008)... 

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