Ironing clothes

We often generate steam when ironing clothes made of cotton. The steam forms even if the cloth previously felt dry. But the steam is only formed if the shirt was dried outside, e.g. on a clothes line. We see no steam if the shirt was dried on a radiator before ironing. 

The introduction of polyester fibers has brought about major changes in the way we care for our clothing. Nearly all modern permanent-press fabrics owe their wrinkle-free behavior to polyester, often blended with other fibers. These polyester blends have reduced or eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes to achieve a wrinkle-free surface that holds its shape. 

Some companies, often inspired by nature s incredible powers as seen in some plants and insects, are interested in designing surface treatment methods that can result in self-cleaning surfaces or self-ironing clothes surfaces that do not need detergents, clothes that do not need ironing ... 

Place 84 g. of iron filings and 340 ml. of water in a 1 - 5 or 2-litre bolt-head flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. Heat the mixture to boiling, stir mechanically, and add the sodium m-nitrobenzenesulphonate in small portions during 1 hour. After each addition the mixture foams extensively a wet cloth should be applied to the neck of the flask if the mixture tends to froth over the sides. Replace from time to time the water which has evaporated so that the volume is approximately constant. When all the sodium salt has been introduced, boU the mixture for 20 minutes. Place a small drop of the suspension upon filter paper and observe the colour of the spot it should be a pale brown but not deep brown or deep yellow. If it is not appreciably coloured, add anhydrous sodium carbonate cautiously, stirring the mixture, until red litmus paper is turned blue and a test drop upon filter paper is not blackened by sodium sulphide solution. Filter at the pump and wash well with hot water. Concentrate the filtrate to about 200 ml., acidify with concentrated hydrochloric acid to Congo red, and allow to cool. Filter off the metanilic acid and dry upon filter paper. A further small quantity may be obtained by concentrating the mother liquid. The yield is 55 g. 

In 1885, Charles Martin Hall invented his aluminum process and Hamilton Young Castner in 1890 developed the mercury-type alkali-chlorine cell, which produced caustic (sodium hydroxide) in its purest form. Edward G. Acheson in 1891, while attempting to make diamonds in an electric furnace, produced silicon carbide, the first synthetic abrasive, second to diamond in hardness. Four years later, Jacobs melted aluminum oxide to make a superior emeiy cloth. Within two decades, these two abrasives had displaced most natural cutting materials, including naturally occurring mixtures of aluminum and iron oxides. 

The specimens were of ingot iron and were exposed for one year, t The sail content of the air was determined by exposing wet cloths, and is expressed as mg NaCl d (100 cm . 

Notes. (1) Iron wire of 99.9 per cent purity is available commercially and is a suitable analytical standard. If the wire exhibits any sign of rust, it should be drawn between two pieces of fine emery cloth, and then wiped with a clean, dry cloth before use. The general reaction which occurs has been given in Section 10.92. 

Melamine fiber is mainly used in heat- and flame-resistant applications, especially in the manufacture of protective clothing for the iron, steel, and automobile industries, in aircraft and... 

Without chemical reaction our world would be a barren planet. No life of any sort would exist. Even if we exempt the fundamental reactions involved in life processes from our proscription on chemical reactions, our lives would be extremely different from what they are today. There would be no fire for warmth and cooking, no iron and steel with which to fashion even the crudest implements, no synthetic fibers for clothing, and no engines to power our vehicles. 

Hybinette A process for extracting nickel from sulfide ores. The nickel ore that occurs in Canada is a mixture of the sulfides of nickel, copper, and iron. Several methods have been used to separate these metals. In the Hybinette process, the ore is first smelted in a blast furnace, yielding a nickel-copper matte (i.e., a mixture of their lower sulfides). This is roasted to remove sulfur and leached with dilute sulfuric acid to remove copper. The resulting crude nickel oxide is used as the anode of an electrochemical cell. The nickel deposits on the cathode, which is contained in a cloth bag. Precious metals collect in the anode slime. The process was invented by N. V Hybinette in 1904 and operated at the Kristiansand refinery, Norway, from 1910. 

The soluble ions of iron and aluminium are usually reduced to a minimum by adjusting the electrolyte pH. For the removal of solid iron hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide Bayer decided to use a new pre-coat-free brine purification technology -back-pulse filtration using GORE-TEX membrane filter cloths. 

Hepatic Effects. An increase in serum iron, which may reflect an adverse liver effect, was observed in workers exposed for 6 months to phenol in a wood treatment liquid (Baj et al. 1994). Elevated concentrations of hepatic enzymes in serum, and an enlarged and tender liver suggestive of liver injury, were reported in an individual who had been exposed repeatedly to phenol vapor for 13.5 years (Merliss 1972). Since phenol was also spilled on his clothes resulting in skin irritation, dermal and inhalation exposures were involved. A 2-fold increase in serum bilirubin was observed in a man who was accidentally splashed with a phenol solution over his face, chest wall, hand, and both arms (Horch et al. 1994). Changes in liver enzymes were not observed in persons exposed to phenol in drinking water for several weeks after an accidental spill (Baker et al. 1978). This study is not conclusive because the measurements were completed 7 months after the exposure. 

But she was inconsolable, enraged, and proceeded to beat herself bloody with a Dutch china mug. Her forehead split open and blood spurted over her face and clothes. The kindly keeper and his wife had to restrain Jeanne from damaging herself further as her body jerked and twisted in fierce spasms. Hubert was later thankful that he didn t then know the courts real verdict—that Jeanne Valois de Saint-Remy [La Motte] have a halter placed on her neck, be stripped naked and beaten with rods, have both her shoulders branded with a hot iron carrying the letter V for voleuse or thief, and be incarcerated for life in the womens prison known as the Salpetriere. ... 

Lithium Iron Sulfide (High Temperature). High-temperature molten salt Li—Al/LiCl— KCl/FeS - cells are known for their high energy density and superior safety. At one point they were being actively pursued for electric vehicle and pulse-power applications. Historically, boron nitride (BN) cloth or felt has been used as the separator in flooded-electrolyte cells, while MgO pressed-powder plaques have been used in starved-electrolyte cells. 

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