Steam re-forming

Synthesis gas is prepared by the steam reforming or partial oxidation of a liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon feedstock, or by direct combination of carbon dioxide wilh purified hydrogcn-ricli gases. Economic considerations usually favor the steam-re form mg route for a naphtha or natural gas... 

It has been suggested that ceria influences the steam-re forming and WGS reactions through a redox mechanism similar to that shown below for WGS [22,26] ... 

Only the conversion of synthesis gas as described under 3 forms the subject of this review. The chemistry of the catalytic processes is, of course, independent of the way in which the synthesis gas was manufactured besides coal gasification the steam re-forming of natural gas is a well-known route to produce synthesis gas, although with a higher Hj/CO ratio. 

Dihydrogen is an important industrial chemical, mostly made from the steam re-forming of hydrocarbons from petroleum and natural gas. The simplest of these reactions,... 

H2 is mostly produced by steam re-forming of hydrocarbons. The simplest reaction is... 

Catalysts for automobile exhaust systems are designed to remove environmental pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons, CO formed from incomplete combustion and oxides of nitrogen. Three-way catalysts are based on Pt and Rh together with various additives that together perform a complex series of reactions, including removal of hydrocarbons by oxidation and steam re-forming (see above), and... 

Molecular hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas, f.p. 20.28°K, virtually insoluble in water. It is most easily prepared by the action of dilute acids on metals such as Zn or Fe and by electrolysis of water industrially hydrogen may be obtained by thermal cracking or steam re-forming of hydrocarbons, by the reduction of water by carbon (water-gas reaction) and in other ways. 

Nitrogen gas, from the air, is mixed with hydrogen gas, obtained from the reaction of methane with steam (steam re-forming). The nitrogen and hydrogen are fed into the main reaction vessel in the ratio of 1 3 by volume. 

Barbieri, G. and F. P. Di Maio Simulation of the methane steam re-forming process in a catalytic Pd-membrane reactor , 7m4. Eng. Chem. 36,2121-2127 (1997). Basile, A., L. Paturzo and F. Lagana The partial oxidation of methane to syngas in a palladium membrane reactor simulation and experimental studies , Catal. Today, 61,65-75 (2001). 

At present, most commercial hydrogen is obtained as a by-product of petroleum refining in a sequence of two catalyzed reactions. The first is a re-forming reaction, in which a hydrocarbon and steam are converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a nickel catalyst ... 

STAR [Steam Active Re-forming] A catalytic reforming process for converting aliphatic hydrocarbons to olefins or aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons containing five or fewer carbon atoms are converted to olefins. Those containing six or more are dehydrocy-clized to aromatic hydrocarbons. The reactions take place in the vapor phase, in a fixed catalyst bed containing a noble metal catalyst, in the presence of steam. Demonstrated on a semi-commercial scale and offered for license by Phillips Petroleum Company. The first commercial plant was built for Coastal Chemicals in Cheyenne, WY, in 1992 another for Polibutenos Argentinos in 1996. 

Flash steam can form, or condense in a micro-second. Generally you re expecting it to flash instantaneously when your trying to run an engine off flash steam, and this is possible. But it can destabilise just as quickly. And this is what was happening in my experiment. I was producing the flash steam just fine, but the engine block was cold. 

H20 + CH4 > CO + 3 H2 Ni Steam-hydrocarbon re-forming process for synthesis of hydrogen H2 Manufacture of ammonia, methanol... 

Hydrogen is produced industrially by the steam-hydrocarbon re-forming process. The reaction that takes place in the first step of this process is... 

At present, the most important industrial method for producing hydrogen is the three-step, steam-hydrocarbon re-forming process. The first step in the process is the conversion of steam and methane to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen known as synthesis gas (so-called because it can be used as the starting material for the synthesis of liquid fuels). The reaction requires high temperature, moderately high pressure, and a nickel catalyst ... 

Hydrogen for industrial purposes is produced by the steam-hydrocarbon re-forming process and is used in the synthesis of ammonia and methanol. In the laboratory, hydrogen is prepared by reaction of dilute acid with an active metal, such as zinc. 

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell. This cell demonstrates the possibilities of using very concentrated phosphoric acid to allow the temperature of the solution to be raised to about 200-205 °C without the need for high-pressure equipment. The higher temperature makes it possible to produce large amounts of free steam for the re-forming of natural gas to the hydrogen upon which most development has been based. 

Most physical changes are easily reversed for instance jelly sets on cooling but becomes a liquid again if warmed. Water, as ice, can be heated, becoming first liquid water and then steam, which can then be condensed back to water and frozen to re-form ice ... 

A simplified example is shown in Figure lb. First, natural gas from the pipeline (which has already been cleaned of sulfur before pipeline injection) is converted to syngas with a H2 CO molar ratio of about 2 1 by various methods such as autothermal re-forming (using steam and potentially recycled CO2) or by partial oxidation [11]. Depending on the strategy employed, natural gas is converted to a mixture of H2, CO, CO2, and H2O through the WGS reaction (8) and reactions such as ... 

An industrial gas mixture is produced by the catalytic re-forming of methane using steam. 

Czerwosz et al. s findings might be of particular interest to readers familiar with carbon formation on nickel and nickel-coated catalysts that had been exposed to hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide in hydrocarbon synthesis or in so-called re-forming reactions carried out in petroleum refineries. For example, the formation of filamentous carbon on such solids at temperatures in the same range as that used by Czerwosz et al. was reported by McCarthy in 1982 [115]. However, these authors did not analyze the carbon deposits by Raman spectroscopy, nor were they aware of the existence of fullerenes. Their concern was the removal of these carbons by steam or by combustion, because these carbons inactivated the catalyst. It was also unknown to them that these carbons had the lubricating properties that were demonstrated by Lauer and co-workers [60,62]. By using these catalysts under conditions of continuous wear, they could maintain the catalytic effect of the surface. 

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