Iron/silver oxide batteries

FIGURE 25.22 3.5-kWh telecommunications iron/silver oxide battery. Courtesy of Westinghouse Electric Corp.)... 

FIGURE 25.24 Charge-discharge characteristics of nominal 140-Ah iron/silver oxide battery. From Ref. 20.)... 

Probably the best-known battery system using an iron anode is the nickd/iron battery. It should be written (—) Fe/KOH/NiO(OH) (-t), and has its merits as a heavy duty accumulator [28]. By far less famous and much more recent are the applications of iron anodes in (rechargeable) iron/air cells [(—) Fe/K0H/02 (-t)] [29, 30] and in iron/silver oxide batteries [(—) Fe/KOH(- -LiOH)/AgO (-t)] [31, 32]. 

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of a battery system also known as an electrochemical transducer where the anode, also known as electron state 1, may be comprised of lithium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, lead, or hydrogen, and the cathode, or electron state 11, depending on the composition of the anode, may be lead dioxide, manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, iron disulfide, oxygen, silver oxide, or iodine.

Silver [7440-22-4] Ag, as an active material in electrodes was first used by Volta, but the first intensive study using silver as a storage battery electrode was reported in 1889 (5) using silver oxide—iron and silver oxide—copper combinations. Work on silver oxide—cadmium followed. In the 1940s, the use of a semipermeable membrane combined with limited electrolyte was introduced by Andrir in the silver oxide—2inc storage battery. 

In acidic electrolytes only lead, because it forms passive layers on the active surfaces, has proven sufficiently chemically stable to produce durable storage batteries. In contrast, in alkaline medium there are several substances basically suitable as electrode materials nickel hydroxide, silver oxide, and manganese dioxide as positive active materials may be combined with zinc, cadmium, iron, or metal hydrides. In each case potassium hydroxide is the electrolyte, at a concentration — depending on battery systems and application — in the range of 1.15 - 1,45 gem"3. Several elec-... 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, sealed lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-metal hydride secondary, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-silver chromate, lithium-lead bismuthate. 

Varta SpA, Via Teitulliano 70, 20137 Milan Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury—zinc, carbon—zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, hthium types, silver oxide—zinc, zinc chloride Leclancti6, zinc—air, secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel—iron, nickel—cadmium, silver—zinc, silver—cadmium. 

Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd, 6-6 Josai-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka-fii 569 also International Division, 12-112 Chome, Higashi-Shinbashi Minako-ku, Tokyo 105 Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. Sodium-sulphur, lithium-manganese dioxide. 

Thus films can be divided into two groups according to their morphology. Discontinuous films are porous, have a low resistance and are formed at potentials close to the equilibrium potential of the corresponding electrode of the second kind. They often have substantial thickness (up to 1 mm). Films of this kind include halide films on copper, silver, lead and mercury, sulphate films on lead, iron and nickel oxide films on cadmium, zinc and magnesium, etc. Because of their low resistance and the reversible electrode reactions of their formation and dissolution, these films are often very important for electrode systems in storage batteries. 

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