Inductively coupled plasma ion

Drug A formulation lots were then examined for evidence of iron as well as other transition metal ions. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was used initially in a semiquantitative scanning mode. This mode of detection allows for determination of the elements sodium through mercury with detection limits of about Ippb with absolute errors typically about 30%. The three manufactured batches shown in Table 3 were examined. With the exception of iron, no first-, second-or third-row transition metal ion was found in any lot at greater than 2 ppb. Most transition metals were undetectable. Iron, in contrast, was detected at between 10 and 30 ppb. Iron levels were quantitated more accurately by using the method of standard... 

If a sample solution is introduced into the center of the plasma, the constituent molecules are bombarded by the energetic atoms, ions, electrons, and even photons from the plasma itself. Under these vigorous conditions, sample molecules are both ionized and fragmented repeatedly until only their constituent elemental atoms or ions survive. The ions are drawn off into a mass analyzer for measurement of abundances and mJz values. Plasma torches provide a powerful method for introducing and ionizing a wide range of sample types into a mass spectrometer (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP/MS). 

Because light emitted from inductively coupled plasma torches is characteristic of the elements present, the torches were originally introduced for instruments that optically measured the frequencies and intensities of the emitted light and used them, rather than ions, to estimate the amounts and types of elements present (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Accurate, precise isotope ratio measurements are important in a wide variety of applications, including dating, examination of environmental samples, and studies on drug metabolism. The degree of accuracy and precision required necessitates the use of special isotope mass spectrometers, which mostly use thermal ionization or inductively coupled plasma ionization, often together with multiple ion collectors. 

This is the basic process in an inductively coupled plasma discharge (ICP). The excited ions can be examined by observing the emitted light or by mass spectrometry. Since the molecules have been broken down into their constituent atoms (as ions) including isotopes, these can be identified and quantified by mass spectrometry, as happens with isotope ratio measurements. 

Near the outlet from the torch, at the end of the concentric tubes, a radio high-frequency coil produces a rapidly oscillating electromagnetic field in the flowing gas. The applied high-frequency field couples inductively with the electric fields of the electrons and ions in the plasma, hence the name inductively coupled plasma or ICP. 

Inductively coupled plasmas are used to obtain the ions needed to measure either relative concentrations (amounts) of the various elements in a sample or to obtain accurate elemental isotope ratios. 

ICP/MS. inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry used as a combined technique ICR. ion cyclotron resonance (spectroscopy)... 

Oxygen and nitrogen also are deterrnined by conductivity or chromatographic techniques following a hot vacuum extraction or inert-gas fusion of hafnium with a noble metal (25,26). Nitrogen also may be deterrnined by the Kjeldahl technique (19). Phosphoms is determined by phosphine evolution and flame-emission detection. Chloride is determined indirecdy by atomic absorption or x-ray spectroscopy, or at higher levels by a selective-ion electrode. Fluoride can be determined similarly (27,28). Uranium and U-235 have been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (29). 

Spectroscopic methods for the deterrnination of impurities in niobium include the older arc and spark emission procedures (53) along with newer inductively coupled plasma source optical emission methods (54). Some work has been done using inductively coupled mass spectroscopy to determine impurities in niobium (55,56). X-ray fluorescence analysis, a widely used method for niobium analysis, is used for routine work by niobium concentrates producers (57,58). Paying careful attention to matrix effects, precision and accuracy of x-ray fluorescence analyses are at least equal to those of the gravimetric and ion-exchange methods. 

A novel interface to connect a ce system with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (icpms) detector has been developed (88). The interface was built using a direct injection nebulizer (din) system. The ce/din/icpms system was evaluated using samples containing selected alkah, alkaline earths, and heavy-metal ions, as well as selenium (Se(IV) and Se(VI)), and various inorganic and organic arsenic species. The preliminary results show that the system can be used to determine metal species at ppt to ppb level. 

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

The inductively coupled plasma and the torch used in ICPMS are similar to that used in ICP-OES. In ICPMS, the torch is aimed horizontally at the mass spectrometer, rather than vertically, as in ICP-OES. In ICPMS the ions must be transported physically into the mass spectrometer for analysis, while in ICP-OES light is trans-... 

The intrinsic drawback of LIBS is a short duration (less than a few hundreds microseconds) and strongly non-stationary conditions of a laser plume. Much higher sensitivity has been realized by transport of the ablated material into secondary atomic reservoirs such as a microwave-induced plasma (MIP) or an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Owing to the much longer residence time of ablated atoms and ions in a stationary MIP (typically several ms compared with at most a hundred microseconds in a laser plume) and because of additional excitation of the radiating upper levels in the low pressure plasma, the line intensities of atoms and ions are greatly enhanced. Because of these factors the DLs of LA-MIP have been improved by one to two orders of magnitude compared with LIBS. 

Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Solids (2nd Edition) [including Sulphate in Waters, Effluents and Some Solids by Barium Sulphate Gravimetry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by direct Barium Titrimetry, Sulphate in waters by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry, Sulphate in waters and effluents by a Continuous Elow Indirect Spectrophotometric Method Using 2-Aminoperimidine, Sulphate in waters by Elow Injection Analysis Using a Turbidimetric Method, Sulphate in waters by Ion Chromatography, Sulphate in waters by Air-Segmented Continuous Elow Colorimetry using Methylthymol Blue], 1988... 

In this report, the fabrication of Si nanodot arrays using niobium oxide nanopillars as an etching mask was performed by an inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICPRIE). 

Inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching of Co2MnSi magnetic Aims for magnetic random access memory... 

In this study, the reactive ion etching of Co2MnSi magnetic films with TiN hard mask was investigated in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) of a Cl2/02/Ar gas mix. The effects of gas concentration on etch characteristics of Co2MnSi films were explored. 

One way to fabricate such a reactor is by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) with a time-multiplexed inductively coupled plasma etcher (most details on fabrication are given in [77]) [7, 77, 78]. Regions of major importance such as the retainers are etched through to avoid differences in stmctural depth which may cause uneven flow. To generate various channel depths in one design, both front-side and back-... 

Creed JT, and Brockhoff CA (1999) Isotope dilution analysis of bromate in drinking water matrixes by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chem 71 722-726. 

Walder AJ, Freedman PA (1992) Isotopic ratio measurement using a double focusing magnetic sector mass analyser with an inductively coupled plasma as an ion somce. J Anal At Spectrom 7 571-575... 

An inductively coupled plasma formed by passing argon through a quartz torch is widely used for the mass spectroscopic analysis of metal compounds separated by online HPLC.6 Samples are nebulized on introduction into the interface. Plasma impact evaporates solvent, and atomizes and ionizes the analyte. Applications include separation of organoarsenic compounds on ion-pairing F4PLC and vanadium species on cation exchange. 

---