Ionic nano-structure

Ding, J. F, Chuy, C. and Holdcroft, S. 2002. Solid polymer electrolytes based on ionic graft polymers Effect of graft chain length on nano-structured, ionic networks. Advanced Functional Materials 12 389-394. 

Figure 38. Section of a polycrystal (bricklayer-model), (a) Grain size large compared to 4A (b) Grain size smaller than 4A. The white area refers to the space charge zones, the hatched to the electroneutral bulk and the dark to the interfacial core.151 (Reprinted from J. Maier, Thermodynamic aspects and morphology of nano-structured ion conductors. Aspects of nanoionics. Part I. Solid State Ionics 154-155, 291-301. Copyright 2002 with permission from Elsevier.)...

Badwal, S.P.S. and Rajendran, S., Effect of micro- and nano-structures on the properties of ionic conductors, Solid State Ionics 70-71 (1994) 83-95. 

T. Van Gestel, D. Sebold, W. A. Meulenberg, and H. P. Buchkremer, Development of Thin-Film Nano-Structured Electrolyte Layers for Application in Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Solid State Ionics, 179 (11-12), 428-437(2008). 

Fig. 4 Schematic of a highly porous nano structured electrode protruding from a current collector, a Nanoflber structure or a template-like membrane, and b spherical-like particle-based nanostructure. Note that real nanostructures are not so regular, but both nanostructured phase and electrolyte, as discussed herein, are continuous along the length L [113], The length L determines if the nanostructured electrode will be considered 2-D or 3-D and is very important in modeUng electronic and ionic transport in the nanostructured electrode [86,113]...

J, Schoonman, Nano structured Materials in Solid State Ionics, Solid State Ionics, 2000 135... 

It has also been demonstrated that the diffusion coefficients of both neutral and charged molecules in [C4CjIm]BF4 and [C4CjIm]PFg increase with the addition of controlled amounts of water. The effect of water on the diffusion coefficient for neutral and ionic species suggests that wet ILs may not always be regarded as homogeneous solvents, but have to be considered as nano-structures with polar and non-polar regions [86]. The presence of nano-structures in the wet IL may allow... 

These results are quite interesting. The initial stages of Al deposition lead to nanosized deposits. Indeed, based on the STM studies, we succeeded in making bulk deposits of nanosized Al with special bath compositions and special electrochemical techniques [10], also in air and in water-stable ionic liquids [11]. The preliminary results on tip-induced nano structuring show that nanosized modifications of electrodes by less noble elements are possible in ionic liquids thus giving access to new structures that cannot be made in aqueous media. 

Zhon, H., M. Rouha, G. Feng et al. 2012. Nanoscale pertnrbations of room temperature ionic liqnid structure at charged and uncharged interfaces. ACS Nano 6 9818-9827. 

Zhang, H., Zhao, E, Chen, EL. Xia, C.R. Nano-structured Smo.5Sro.5Co03 j electrodes for intermediate-temperature SOECs with zirconia electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 192 (2010), pp. 591-594. 

Torop J, Palmre V, Amlepp M, Sugio T, Asaka K, Aabloo A (2011) Flexible supercapacitor-like actuator with carbide-derived carbon electrodes. Carbon 49 3113-3119 Vargantwar PH, Roskov KE, Ghosh TK et al (2012) Enhanced biomimetic performance of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators prepared with nano structured block ionomeis. Macromol Rapid Commun 33(l) 61-68... 

Abstract The electrostatic Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique allows the fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayers that can be considered as a special type of interpolyelectrolyte complexes supported by a template (fluid or soUd). The main characteristic that confers special interest to these interpolyelectrolyte complexes is the simplicity and versatility of the method used for their fabrication, although in some cases this may hide the complex influence of the different physico-chemical variables. The possibility to change ionic strength, pH, temperature, etc. and/or the composition makes possible to control the properties and structure of these systems. Furthermore, the compositional and structural richness of these systems opens multiple possibilities for the fabrication of nano-structured materials with tailored properties for numerous applications (from optical to nanomedical devices). This chapter deal with the physico-chemical background of the fabrication of supramolecular films by the LbL method as well as the key properties that should be managed in order to obtain functional materials following this approach. 

Sodium nitrate, NaNOs, is an example of an ionic substance that contains a group of atoms with a net charge. Sodium is present as Na atomic cations. The other atoms of sodium nitrate are grouped together in one structure, NO3, which carries a -1 charge (Figure S-lOl. This anion is a molecular ion, the nitrate ion. The... 

In the bottom-up approach, a large variety of ordered nano-, micro-and macrostructures may be obtained by changing the balance of all the attractive and repulsive forces between the structure-forming molecules or particles. This can be achieved by altering the environmental conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength, presence of specific substances or ions) and the concentration of molecules/particles in the system (Min et al., 2008). As this takes place, the interrelated processes of formation and stabilization are both important considerations in the production of nanoparticles. In addition, as particles grow in size a number of intrinsic properties change, some qualitatively, others quantitatively some affect the equilibrium (thermodynamic) properties, and others affect the nonequilibrium (dynamic) properties such as relaxation times. 

Part Three describes a range of important specific examples of the interactions of individual biopolymers in the bulk aqueous medium of food colloids. Chapter six is devoted to the subject of the self-assembly of food biopolymers, and how this self-assembly is affected by conditions such as pH, ionic strength, divalent ions, cosolutes, etc. It is indicated how biopolymer self-assembly can form the basis of the bottom-up nano-biotechnological approach, which attempts to mimic Nature in the creation of new and varied structures with potential applications. It is... 

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