Ionic chromatography

Perez-Cerrada, M., Herrero-Villen, M. A., and Maquieira, A. (1989). Sugar rich food Determination of inorganic anions by ionic chromatography. Food Chem. 34, 285-294. 

Membranes. Apart from the role of membranes180 in ISEs, there are at least three important applications of membranes as measurement aids in flow analysis. viz., as diffusion membranes in (1) (partial) dialysis and in (2a) membrane amperometry (MEAM) and (2b) membrane voltammetry (MEVA), and as Donnan membranes in (3) differential ionic chromatography. 

Differential ionic chromatography. In a potentiometric method for recording ion-exchange elution curves, a dual-channel membrane cell is used as a differential detector186 for following the eluate composition in comparison with the eluent. In the chromatography of alkali metal ions over a... 

Water analysis parameters such as pH, electric conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential and temperature were measured in the field. Ionic chromatography, turbidimetry and ICP-OES were used for anions and metals. 

Jaffrezo, J. L., N. Calas, and M. Bouchet, Carboxylic Acids Measurements with Ionic Chromatography, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2705-2708 (1998). 

A variety of non-bonded phases is also available. These can be graphite based or make use of polymers such as styrene/divinylbenzene or hydroxymethylstyrene. Recently, the chemistry of these interfaces has been developed in order to generate phases that are hybrids between conventional HPLC and ionic chromatography. 

A recent investigation performed by ionic chromatography updated information both on the main inorganic anions in grape juice (obtained by crushing and pressing at 2.5 bar) and industrially produced wines... 

Table 8.11 Inorganic anion content in ripe grape juices and in white (W) and red (R) wines produced in Trentino-Alto Adige region (northern Italy). Analyses were performed by ionic chromatography.

Specific electrode Optical techniques Ionic chromatography Polarography Titimetry... 

Total Phosphorus (TP) takes into account orthophosphate, polyphosphates and organic phosphate. Polyphosphates must be hydrolysed and organic phosphate oxidized into orthophosphate form, prior to analysis, usually by oxidizing agents in acid conditions. The orthophosphate content is then quantified by colorimetric method with ammonium molybdate (NF EN ISO 6878). This procedure of detection can be automated by FIA and CFA techniques (NF EN ISO 15681-1 and 2, respectively). The orthophosphate content can be estimated using various techniques including a colorimetric method (NF EN ISO 6878), ionic chromatography (NF EN ISO 10304-1), automated FIA and CFA techniques and colorimetric detection (NF EN ISO 15681-1 and 2, respectively). 

TP Ammonium Raw waters, wastewaters All On-line, on-site On-line, on-site, in-situ Oxidation/ Colorimetry Colorimetric reaction Photometry Specific electrodes Photometry chemiluminescence Titrimetry Ionic chromatography 5-28 minutes Few seconds to few minutes... 

Phosphate All On-line, on-site Colorimetry, oxidation/ colorimetry Photometry (UV, Visible) Ionic chromatography Few minutes... 

SANIQMI RD 4600430.21 Method guidelines. Method of measurement of mass concentration of fluorine and chlorine anions, hydro-phosphates, nitrates and sulphates in atmospheric aerosols, using the technique of ionic chromatography. SANIGMI (1993a) (in Russian). 

The complex contains water-soluble polymers, which must be removed by ionic chromatography, salting out, ethanol precipitation, electrophoresis etc. 

The analysis of the reaction products was performed using High Performance Ionic Chromatography (HPIC, Dionex 4500i). It works with a ternary gradient of elution and includes an ion-exchange column (AS5A, Dionex) and a conductimetric detector followed by a refractive index detector. 

Traces of halide impurities (Cr, F, or even other anionic impurities) are often present in ionic liquids, notably when they are obtained by an anion exchange reaction. Most of the time, this presence of halides greatly influences the comse of the catalytic reaction. For example, a detrimental effect of chlorides was observed for hydrogenation or Michael addition [44,45], while a beneficial effect was reported for the Heck reaction [46]. It is therefore necessary to measure carefully the amount of halide impurity in ILs, and this amount can be quantified by high-performance ionic chromatography [47]. This precaution is especially important for colored commercial ionic liquids, which are likely to contain a significant amount of halide impurity as well as of other anions. 

In practical terms, it is suggested that, in any application where the presence of halide ions may cause problems, the concentration of these be monitored to ensure the purity of ILs. The VoUhard procedure for halide ions or the use of a chloride-selective electrode are two methods which are well suited for the detection of amounts of hahde in the region of 100 ppm [9]. The advantage of the chemical procedure is the ability to detect any hahde anion. Recently ionic chromatography was developed to monitor the level of hahde in ILs [10,11]. The method enables a better detection of hahde impurities, as the authors claim a detection limit in the range of a few parts per million. 

A sodium-selective electrode enables measurement of amounts of sodium around 100 ppm [9], Ionic chromatography had been developed to monitor the quantity of sodium in chloroaluminate salt buffered with NaCl. The method was not developed for the detection of trace amounts of sodium however, the sample was very dilute and it was possible to measure a sodium level as low as 2 ppm [12]. As a consequence, the method seems suitable if it is necessary to control the level of residual sodium in ILs. 

Quantification of microbial PHA using GC method is rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and requires only small amount of samples (5-10 mg) for the analysis. Other techniques of analysis such as IR spectrometry at 5.75 A (Juttner et al. 1975), two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry (Degelau et al. 1995) HPLC (Karr et al. 1983), ionic chromatography, and enzymatic determination (Hesselmann et al. 1999) were also desalbed. For online determination of PHA content in recombinant E. coli system, Fourier transform mid-infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and microcalorimetric technique (Ruan et al. 2007 Jarute et al. 2004) were also reported. For precise composition determination and structural elucidation of PHA, a variety of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques have also been applied and the most commonly used are proton ( H) and carbon-13 ( C) NMR (Doi et al. 1986 Jacob et al. 1986). 

Macrocyclic and macrobicyclic polyethers bonded to polymers have been used mainly in ionic chromatography or in reverse osmosis membranes Recently,... 

Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium Dairy products Dry ashing Ionic chromatography... 

Galvanostatic experiments have been carried out at room temperature on DEFCs containing Pd/MWCNT, Pd-(Ni-Zn)/C, Pd-(Ni-Zn-P)/C or Pd/C anodes as well as on DMFCs and DGFCs containing a Pd/MWCNT anode. In all cases, the cathode was a Fe-Co Hypermec K-14 material and the sohd electrolyte was a Tokuyama A-006 membrane. " " The anode compartments were filled with 28.3 mmol of EtOH, 40.7 mmol of MeOH or 6.8 mmol of glycerol. Accurate mass balance determinations were performed by means of both C H NMR spectroscopy and ionic chromatography, using reference materials and calibration curves. 

SPAIRS), substractively normalize interfacial Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS), high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), ionic chromatography (IC), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), NMR spectroscopy. ... 

Note AE = atomic emission AAS = atomic absorption IC = ionic chromatography Color = colorimetry. 

The metal loading on the catalyst was checked by elemental analysis (AES - ICP) and also the residual chlorine atoms, coming from the chlorinated precursors, were detected by ionic chromatography. 

On the contrary, it is interesting to notice that the sonicated samples show a similar ID% value as if the chlorine atoms have no effects on the H2 up-take and thus that the ultrasound had probably cleaned the samples surfaces from the chlorine atoms. This hypothesis was confirmed by ionic chromatography that recorded a chlorine loading of 0.71 % (wt%) for the non sonicated sample, notwithstanding all the sample undergo several washings in comparison of a value of 0.02% for the sonicated one. 

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