Investment volume

The automotive industiy was, followed closly by the aerospace industry, the main driver for advanced engineering visualization (see Chap. 21) due to product complexity and variety, short product cycles and high investment volumes, where each new technology promises a quick return of investment. Beginning with the first draft, in almost every phase of product creation processes, the need for visualization exists, in particular for 3D product representation. Powerful DMU tools use JT as standard input (see Sect. 13.5). 

In principle the operator s demand for low procurement costs, i.e. low investment costs for the designed plant is logical. The lower the investment volume the quicker the break even point is reached. However, this demand must not result in the plant being built as cheap as possible. Quality and thus hfespan of a finished plant diminish with decreasing procurement costs. Other costs, however, increase, such as repair and maintenance costs as well as labour costs, since low quality inevitably leads to more frequent failures and breakdowns which entail higher labour costs and related costs for the procurement of spare parts. 

BASF announced plans to invest in a world-scale production site for acrylic acid, butyl acrylate and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in Camafari, Bahia, Brazil. According to the company, this will be the first acrylic acid and super-absorbents plant in South America. With an investment volume of more than 500 million ( 721 million), it is the largest investment in BASF s century-long history in South America. 

The two numbers in the vector [E t), R t) characterize the investment structure at time t according to investment volume and the two numbers n it), nR (t) characterize the investors strategic investment activities at time f by head count. nE t), nR t) is denoted as the investors configuration. 

LNG plants require very high initial investments in the order of several billion dollars, and are therefore only viable in cases were large volumes of reserves (typically 10 Bscf) have been proven. 

By introduction of Real-Time X-Ray the consumable costs and the waste disposal problems are reduced. The capacity of the system allowed an increase of production volume without the need for a investment for an additional film X-Ray unit which would have been needed otherwise. 

As with SMC, appHcations are limited to high volume because of the capital investment in equipment and tooling. Thermoset compression molders require additional heating and material Handling equipment to adapt their process to thermoplastic sheet fabrication. AppHcations include automotive bumper beams, load floors, radiator supports, battery trays, and package shelves. Chair sheUs, military containers, material Handling pallets, trays, and concrete foaming pans are also produced. 

Household and personal products dominate surfactant technology Hterature. Sales volume per product ia these categories is large enough to justify research and investment ia large manufactuting facilities. Industrial appHcations represent smaller sales volumes per product. Research and especially technical service is often conducted by the user or by a service company that suppHes a variety of items to the consuming iadustry. 

The expected annual sales volume is important not only for estimating sales revenue, but also for the selection of plant capacity (20) or process type. An economy of scale is typical of many process operations because both investment and some operating costs tend to vary with capacity to a fractional power less than unity. 

Aroma.tic-AUpha.tic Polyester Resins. Unlike most other classes of engineering plastics, which are made by only a few manufacturers, aromatic-aHphatic polyester resins are produced and compounded by several dozen firms (66). The aHphatic polyester resin marketplace is characterized by wide product differentiation and competition. Some firms make only a few hundred tons per year and presumably retain profitabiHty because of the avadabiHty of low cost monomer and the simplicity of the processes employed. Low investment and low manufacturing costs are possible even for smaH-volume operations. 

Commercial or production reactors for heterogeneous catalytic processes are versions of the so-called integral reactors, so the fundamental process of design is integration. In particular, the necessary catalyst-filled reactor volume must be calculated that will give a desired production rate. This then includes finding conditions to achieve the desired production, at a certain selectivity and minimal operating costs and investment, to maximize the return on investment. 

Volumetric Flow Rate The equipment size is normally dictated by its capacity and is therefore directly related to investment costs. Incineration systems are capable of handling large amounts of waste gases and are often the most cost-effective method when handling large flows. Adsorption systems can handle large volumes of gases, provided that the gas stream is fairly dilute. Absorption will... 

In catalytic incineration, there are limitations concerning the effluent streams to be treated. Waste gases with organic compound contents higher than 20% of LET (lower explosion limit) are not suitable, as the heat content released in the oxidation process increases the catalyst bed temperature above 650 °C. This is normally the maximum permissible temperature to which a catalyst bed can be continuously exposed. The problem is solved by dilution-, this method increases the furnace volume and hence the investment and operation costs. Concentrations between 2% and 20% of LET are optimal, The catalytic incinerator is not recommended without prefiltration for waste gases containing particulate matter or liquids which cannot be vaporized. The waste gas must not contain catalyst poisons, such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, lead, zinc, mercury, tin, sulfur, or iron oxide.(see Table 1.3.111... 

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