Invertebrate database

Chlordane criteria for protection of marine life (0.004 pg/L, 24-h mean not to exceed 0.09 pg/L) appear satisfactory. Proposed criteria for freshwater life protection (0.0043 pg/L, 24-h mean not to exceed 2.4 pg/L), however, overlap the range of 0.2 to 3.0 pg/L shown to adversely affect certain fish and aquatic invertebrates, suggesting that some downward modification in the maximum permissible level is needed. Chlordane criteria for protection of birds and mammals are inadequate because the database is incomplete. Until these data become available, a reasonable substitute is the criteria proposed for human health protection — namely, daily intake not to exceed 0.001 mg chlordane per kilogram body weight, and diet not to exceed 0.3 mg chlordane per kilogram fresh weight. 

Nevertheless, the growing database for aquatic life indicates a number of generalizations (1) many PAHs are acutely toxic at concentrations between 50 and 1000 pg/L (2) deleterious sublethal responses are sometimes observed at concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 5.0 pg/L (3) uptake can be substantial, but depuration is usually rapid except in some species of invertebrates and (4) whole-body burdens in excess of 300 pg benzo[a]pyrene/kg (and presumably other PAHs) in certain teleosts would be accompanied by a rise in the activity of detoxifying enzymes. 

This Accelrys provided database is based on the journals of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) (308). It primarily contains information on the metabolic fate of chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives, and environmental and industrial chemicals) in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. New entries can be added, and the database may be searched graphically. This database can be combined with various computational tools from Accelrys for target-specific analysis and modeling. Metabolic pathways are organized alphanumerically, and future releases are scheduled to include a comprehensive survey of the metabolism literature (308,309). 

Many of the studies reviewed in this chapter have focused on the meroplankton. However, little is known about ontogenetic shifts in concentrations and patterns of defense in marine invertebrate larval forms.40 Further work is needed to determine if, for a wider range of species, developing larvae are capable of secondary metabolite synthesis or if defensive compounds are derived directly from adults. While a number of studies have been conducted on chemical defenses in lecithotrophic larvae of benthic invertebrates, the database is still quite small for planktotrophic larvae. Additional carefully controlled studies of aposematism in marine invertebrate larvae are also needed to determine if there is indeed a general pattern of chemical defenses in conspicuously colored larvae. 

The use of the soil succession in PMI estimation will require development of successional databases for locations where it is to be applied. This will involve consideration of all invertebrate groups associated with carrion and selection of groups that are truly predictable in their arrival at a corpse in relation to decompositional stage. Numerous studies have identified groups both beneath the body and associated with burials that may be useful in PMI estimation, but the successional data required to apply such observations are still lacking. Invertebrates play an important role in terrestrial decomposition, and further study will provide a new method for estimation of PMI and open new frontiers in forensic entomology. 

US effects database new sediment-resident invertebrate species, as for pelagic communities ... 

Australia Canada sediment-resident invertebrate species, including at least 1 benthic amphipod At least 2 of these studies must be partial or full life-cycle tests with ecologically relevant endpoints. For derivation of a definitive EQS, must have at least 20 entries in the BEDS database European Union United States... 

There are two basic types of aquatic single-species toxicity tests acute and chronic. Acute toxicity tests have been the workhorse of aquatic toxicologists for many years. These tests are relatively simple, take little time, and are cost-effective. A large historical database exists for many chemicals and effluents. Acute toxicity tests are most often used to quickly screen toxicity or to determine the relative sensitivities of different test species. Mortality is the effect monitored during the test duration of 48 h (invertebrates) or 96 h (fish). In a typical acute toxicity test, 5-10 organisms are exposed under static conditions in glass test beakers to five test concentrations. A control is included. The experiments with test concentrations and control are conducted in triplicate. Daily observations are made on survival, and dead organisms are removed. 

ECOSAE Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAE) (http // www.epa.gov/oppt/newchems/tools/21ecosar.htm) predicts the toxicity of industrial chemicals to aquatic organisms such as fish, invertebrates, and algae, and estimates a compound s acute and chronic toxicity. Its QSAR database contains more than 100 models developed for 42 chemical classes [86]. 

Murphy C, Jepson PC, Croft BA. Database analysis of the toxicity of anti-locust pesticides to non-target, beneficial invertebrates. Crop Protect 13 413-420, 1994. 

U. R. Bernier and M. Tsikolia, Development of novel repellents using structure-Activity modeling of compounds in the USDA archival database. Chapter 2, pp. 21 6, m Recent Developments in Invertebrate Repellents, ed. by G. E. Paluch and J. R. Coats, ACS Symposium Series, Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 2011. 

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