Introduction and Background Information

Worldwide, about 80% of all chemical processes are performed catalytic leading to an annual product value of around 400 billion . In this cmitext, biocatalytic methods represent the main pillar of apphed biotechnology, which has been coined 

---

The patent corpora worldwide can also be a valuable resource. Some scientific information that is not published elsewhere can be found in the introduction and background presentations of patent applications. It can be difficult to mine patent applications effectively due to the obfuscated manner in which many are written. So far, patents have been found to be most useful for competitive intelligence purposes. Care should be taken to achieve full value from patent collections. It might be more efficacious to divide the Abstracts/Claims section from the remainder of the full text. Micropatents [11], Delphion [12], or other commercial entities are able to provide a single-source access to the major patent collections of the world. 

As the fundamental equation of relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics, the Dirac equation is perhaps the most important equation of modem physics. It is impossible to value the vast range of its applications in a single article and therfore we want to present an introduction to certain aspects only. This chapter has the character of a first overview and introduction to the Dirac operator. It covers material that is largely contained in my book [1], but, as I hope, in a more accessible form. Ref. [1] should be taken as a reference to more details and background information from a more mathematical point of view, and as a guide to the older literature on this subject. 

This volume begins with a general review that includes an overview of the general types of polymers already synthesized. Different approaches to their synthesis and background information are included to help the reader to understand transition metal-containing macromolecules. This information provides an introduction to both Volumes 6 and 7 of this series. Activity in this important area is increasing exponentially. New materials, properties, synthetic routes, and common applications constitute the root of this rapid development. 

The body of the report may include an introduction summarizing the occurrence or incident, the incident investigation team members, and the scope of the investigation. Background information for the facility (unit) includes such items as history, age, size, expansions, major occurrences, and technical sophistication as necessary to understand the occurrence. 

The Introduction section of a journal article Identlhes the research area, explains the Importance of the research, provides background Information, cites and summarizes key literature in the held, points out what still needs to be studied, and Introduces the reader to the work presented In the article. The Methods section—formally known as Materials and Methods or Experimental (Section)— describes how the study was conducted. The Results section summarizes quantitative (and possibly qualitative) data collected during the study. In the Discussion section, authors interpret their data and suggest the larger implications and/or applications of their results. Each of these major sections can be further divided into moves, as we will see in subsequent chapters. 

Read the Introduction sections of your articles. Because Introductions provide relevant background information and cite others works, a targeted reading of the Introduction can help you identify commonly cited sources in your field (a technique known as... 

With knowledge of the move structure for the Introduction section in mind, look through your notes and be sure that you have sufficient information to address each move. How will you introduce your topic How will you justify the importance of your research area What essential works will you describe to provide relevant background information What gap does your current work fill If you cannot address each of these questions, you may need to extend your review of the literature. 

Despite the label assigned to submove 1.3, it is not the only submove (or move) that presents background information indeed, relevant background information is (and should be) integrated throughout the Introduction section, first to introduce the topic and establish its importance, and subsequently to identify the gap... 

A fourth example (P17) is from the Introduction section of the article that examines PCBs in full-fat milk. For background information, the authors outline the general four-step procedure used to determine PCBs in full-fat milk. Conventional methods used to accomplish two of these steps, extraction and cleanup, are also described. In a new paragraph, the authors introduce solid-phase microextraction (SPME), a technique that greatly simplifies this four-step process. But SPME is not recommended for complex matrixes hence, the authors motivate the topic of their current paper, headspace mode SPME (HSSPME). 

As a final example, consider passage P18 from the Introduction section of the article on substituted tetrazoles. As background information, the authors examine previous efforts to synthesize 5-substituted IH-tetrazoles and categorize these methods into three main groups. 

Reread the notes that you have taken on the importance of your topic and relevant background information. If you used note cards, sort them by keywords to identify multiple works that can be grouped and cited together in your Introduction. If you did not use note cards, figure out other ways to organize your notes by keywords or key concepts. 

After the importance of a research area has been identihed and the relevant background information has been summarized, the Introduction section shifts from a focus on what has been done (or learned) to an emphasis on what remains to be done (or learned). This change in emphasis is signaled with a gap statement (table 6.1). The gap statement points out what is lacking in the held and, in so doing, infers the next step that needs to be taken. Consider the following examples ... 

Consider the importance of your research area, more generally, and your own research, more specifically. What background information will your audience need to grasp the importance of this project Identify a few key references that you could include in your Introduction. List the key objectives of your research that are addressed in the poster. Then write the Introduction to your poster. 

To understand the issues involved in chemicals regulation one needs to have some understanding of the different types of chemicals and the development of the chemicals industry. The next section of this chapter therefore outlines the relevant background information. I then go on to describe European legislation on synthetic chemicals (from which UK legislation derives). Finally, I outline some of the relevant issues in the debates that preceded the introduction of REACH. 

---