Intravenous solution ethanol

Fluconazole, USP. a-(2.4-Difluorophenyl)-benzyl alcohol (Diflucan) is a water-soluble bis-triazole with broad-spectrum antifungai properties that is suitable for both oral and intravenous administration a.s the free ba.se. Intravenous solutions of fluconazole contain 2 mg of the free base in I mL of isotonic sodium chloride or 5% dextrose vehicle. 

C. Intravenous use is sometimes associated with local phlebitis (especially with ethanol solutions > 10%). Hyponatremia may result from large doses of sodium-free intravenous solutions. 

The development of freeze-drying for the production of blood derivatives was pioneered during World War II (96,97). It is used for the stabilization of coagulation factor (98,99) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IgG iv) products, and also for the removal of ethanol from intramuscular immunoglobulin (IgG im) solutions prior to their final formulation (Fig. 2). 

One of the major problems with water-insoluble compounds such as taxol which must be administered intravenously is obtaining a stable, homogeneous, nontoxic solution of the product. Currently, taxol is dissolved in ethanol, and Cremophor, a polyoxyethylated castor oil, is added (i). This is somewhat less than ideal as the adjuvant is toxic and can provoke serious allergies 154). As an alternative, use of a triacetin-based emulsion has been suggested (755). 

Polysorbate 80 is a surfactant commonly used in protein parenteral formulations to minimize denaturation at the air-water interface. Polysorbate 80 is also sometimes used in injectable solution formulations of small molecules for the purpose of solubility enhancement owing to micelle formation. Docetaxel, a first-line therapeutic to treat breast and small cell lung cancer, is practically insoluble in water and is solubilized in Taxotere to 40mg/ml in 100% polysorbate 80, and is diluted four-fold with the supplied diluent of 13% ethanol in water, then further diluted to 0.3-0.74mg/ml with saline or dextrose 5% prior to administration by rV infusion. The dose of Taxotere is up to 5 ml of polysorbate 80 per dose, representing the estimated maximum amount administered intravenously. 

Preliminary IV Study. Groups of 10 rats and 10 mice of each sex (13A2 weeks old purchased by the contractor) shall be dosed intravenously with decalin/tetralin at two doses proposed by the contractor and approved by NTP. Emulphor/ethanol/water (1 1 8) solutions shall be used for IV administration. The volumes used for dosing by the IV route will be 2 mL/kg for rats and 4 mL/kg for mice. As much heparinized blood as possible shall be collected from the vena cava from one dosed rat and mouse at each of 10 time points (5, 10, 20, and 40 min 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours). Blood concentrations of decalin/tetralin shall be determined using the unvalidated analytical method. 

The anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhy-dantoin) is sparingly soluble in water (0.02mg/mL) and is therefore formulated as sodium enolate for intravenous or intramuscular injections. The solvent is a mixture of 40% propylene glycol, 10% ethanol and 50% water and the pH of the solution is alkaline (pH 12), due to the weak acidity... 

The use of Cremophore EL in the microemulsions is avoided nowadays due to several adverse effects such as anaphylactic shocks and histamine release [20 ]. The other important consideration is the concentration of surfactants and co-surfactants which should be minimal and preferably not exceed 20%. Furthermore, it is necessary to ensure that the microemulsion structure is preserved in the presence of the tonicity adjusting solutions such as 0.9% saline solution and preservatives. The parenteral microemulsions should also be able to withstand tests such as freeze-thaw cycling which ensure their physical stability. It has been shown that the colloidal carriers based on Solutol HS 15 can withstand freeze-thaw cycling very efficiently whereas lecithins can offer stability to autoclaving [ 112 ]. Cosurfactants such as benzyl alcohol cannot be used for intravenous applications but can be used for the small volume parenteral products up to the concentration of 1% w/v. Ethanol at concentrations above 10% usually results in the pain on injection. Co-surfactants such as glycofurol are reported to acceptable for parenteral products but there are no products based on glycofurol available for the human use. The pyrrolidone derivatives are reported to be acceptable for veterinary applications. 

The Tc-DTPA complex may also be used as an aerosol however, the kit composition suitable for nebulization differs from the renal agent. TechneScan DTPA/Aerosol contains 1.25 mg of DTPA and 0.12 mg tin(II)-chloride as dihydrate. Gentisic acid (0.25 mg) is used for stabilization. Labeling is performed by injecting less than 0.1 ml of Tc eluate, corresponding to at least 550 MBq (15 mCi) of radioactivity into the TechneScan DTPA/Aerosol vial, and then water for injection is added to obtain 1 ml of solution. After 15 min at room temperature, 0.5 ml of ethanol (98%) is added to the labeled product. The labeling yield is >95%. The kit TechneScan DTPA/Aerosol must not be used for intravenous injection. 

In all poisoning situations, it is important to establish adequate respiration. Bicarbonate may be needed to counteract metabolic acidosis. In patients with suspected methanol intoxication, ethanol (10% solution) is often given intravenously before laboratory diagnosis is confirmed to block the formation of toxic products of ADH-catalyzed metabolism of methanol. Blood levels of methanol in excess of 50 mg/dL are an absolute indication for hemodialysis. Activated charcoal does not bind alcohols. The answer is (B). 

A. Ethanol may be given orally or intravenously. The desired serum concentration is 100 mg/dL (20 mmol/L) this can be achieved by giving approximately 750 mg/kg (Table III-6) as a loading dose, followed by a maintenance infusion of approximately 100-150 mg/kg/h (give a larger dose to chronic alcoholics). A 10% ethanol solution is preferred for IV (to minimize fluids, but may require oentral venous access in children) and a solution of less than 30% (usually 20% given for palatability and absorption) is preferred for oral administration. 

Extracts of the samples being taken are prepared similarly. Dilutions of the extract of the standard and of that of the sample being tested are made with saline solution so that the concentrations of ethanol are equal and do not exceed 10 per cent. These diluted extracts are infused intravenously at a slow uniform rate into guinea-pigs anaesthetised with urethane (0 007 ml/g of a 25 per cent w/v solution injected intraperitoneally) and maintained under artificial respiration. 

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