Intrathecal Application

Intracellular Transport Intrathecal Application Intrathecal Space Intrinsic Efficacy Intron... 

Many of the principles that govern inQux by transmembrane diffusion are also important in efQux. The dramatic role that efQux by transmembrane diffusion can play can be illustrated by comparing the fate of small, lipid soluble molecules to that of a protein after intrathecal administration. Intrathecal application of small, lipid soluble molecules, such as anesthetics, can have a local effect on spinal cord function but have little or no effect on the brain (Bernards, 1999). These substances readily cross the brain endothelial cell by transmembrane diffusion and do this as easily in the brain-to-blood direction as in the blood-to-brain direction. Therefore, they are cleared from the CSF before they are able to reach the brain (McQuay et al., 1989). In contrast, proteins such as leptin are too large and water soluble to undergo much transmembrane diffusion (LeBel, 1999 McCarthy et al., 2002). Leptin can reach the brain after intrathecal administration in amounts sufficient to produce effects on feeding through the hypothalamus (McCarthy et al., 2002 Shyng et al., 1993). 

Tc-HSA is administered by intravenous injection, intrathecal application is contraindicated. Tc-HSA has originally been used to image the placenta however, this indi-... 

Koman G, Alfieri A, Rachingter J, Strauss C, Scheller C. Erectile dysfunction as rare side effect in the simultaneous intrathecal application of morphine and clonidine. Pain Physician 2012 15 E523-6. 

Habisch, H. J. et al. 2007. Intrathecal application of neuroectodermaUy converted stem cells into a mouse model of ALS Limited intraparenchymal migration and survival narrows therapeutic effects. /Neural Transm, 114,1395-406. 

The drug is metabolized rapidly in the liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa, and even red blood cells. Therefore it has a plasma half-life of only 10 min after bolus intravenous application. The major metabolite, uracil arabinoside (ara-U), can be detected in the blood shortly after cytarabine administration. About 80% of the dose is excreted in the urine within 24 h, with less than 10% appearing as cytarabine the remainder is ara-U. After continuous infusion, cytarabine levels in the liquor (cerebro-spinal fluid) approach 40% of that in plasma. Continuous infusion schedules allow maximal efficiency, with uptake peaks of 5-7 pM. It can be administered intrathecally as an alternative to methotrexate. 

The CSF/serum ratio of IgG eliminates the individual variation of serum IgG. The quotient of IgG (CSF/serum) to albumin (CSF/serum) eliminates the variation of the IgG quotient by the individual blood-CSF barrier function. Intrathecal IgG is total CSF IgG minus transudative IgG. The first formulas were based on a linear relationship between Q ib and Qigo (Cl, K3, LI, S4). More recent formulas make use of a hyperbolic or exponential function. The application of the latter two formulas reduces the number of false-positive results in the cases of blood-brain barrier disturbances, while sensitivity is maintained. Soeverijn compared Reiber s hyperbolic formula to five other formulas and showed that Reiber s formula produced the best agreement with the lEF gold standard (LI). For the latest modification of the IgG, IgA, and IgM subclasses of immunoglobulins, see Section 3.2.3. 

Dosages and routes of administration Morphine is available in different salt forms but the hydrochloride and sulfate (Vermeire and Remon, 1999) are used preferentially. The compound can be administered by the oral, parenteral or intraspinal route. Oral application is preferred for chronic pain treatment and various slow release forms have been developed to reduce the administration frequency to 2-3 times per day (Bourke et al., 2000). Parenteral morphine is used in intravenous or intramuscular doses of 10 mg, mostly for postoperative pain and self-administration devices are available for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Morphine is additionally used for intraspinal (epidural or intrathecal) administration. Morphine is absorbed reasonably well in the lower gastrointestinal tract and can be given as suppositories. 

Taira T, Hori T. Clinical application of drug pump for spasticity, pain, and restorative neurosurgery other clinical applications of intrathecal baclofen. Acta Neu-rochir Suppl. 2003 87 37-38. 

Route of Administration. An application for a change in the route of administration, such as a change from an intravenous to intrathecal route. 

One generally has to distinguish between surface anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia and conduction anesthesia (Fromherz 1922 Schaumann 1938 Camougis Tak-man 1971). Special local tolerance tests have been developed for each of these applications including peridural and intrathecal injections. 

NMR Structure of Ziconotide A Novel Treatment for Pain. MVIIA, now known as Ziconotide, is a 25-amino acid peptide originally discovered from the venom of the marine cone snail. Conus magus. Like other to-conotoxins it is a potent blocker of N-type calcium channels, giving it a wide range of potential therapeutic applications. When delivered intrathecally (i.e., through spinal infu-... 

Intrathecal instillation of more than 10 000 units of penicillin and the topical application of high concentrations of penicillin to the nervous system, especially the brain, during surgery have produced comparable reactions (26). All penicUhn formulations can produce this kind of reaction. 

RNase (RNAse ribonuclease) An enzyme that cleaves RNA. routes of administration of drugs There are many different routes but common ones include intravascular injection or infusion (into the blood vessels, e.g. by drip, mainly intravenous (into veins) but sometimes intra-arterial (into arteries) intramuscular (injection into muscles) subcutaneous (injection beneath the dermis of the skin) intradermal (injection into the skin) transdermal (across the skin. e.g. from skin patches) topical (application to the skin or mucous membranes) per rectum (by an ointment or suppository into the rectum) intravaginally (by an ointment or pessary into the vagina) intrathecal (by injection into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord) intranasally (often as a spray) orally (by mouth) inhalation. rRNA ribosomal RNA. 

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