Intracellular killing

Mauel, J., Ransijn, A. and Buchmuller-Rouiller, Y., Lead inhibits intracellular killing of Leishmania parasites and extracellular cytolysis of target cells by macrophages exposed to macrophage activating factor, J. Leukoc. Biol. 45, 401, 1989. 

Leukotriene B4 receptor Leukotriene B4 Neutrophils promote intracellular killing of bacteria... 

Although there is much anecdotal evidence that TPN (as opposed to no nutrition) may be beneficial in hospitalized horses, this has not been proven (Lopes White 2002). The administration of TPN increases the risk of sepsis and thrombophlebitis in hospitalized human patients (loannides-Demos et al 1995). This may result, at least in part, from decreased intracellular killing by neutrophils (Okada et al 2000) and increased plasma thrombin-antithrombin III concentrations, which result in increased plasma coagulability (van der Poll et al 1998). 

B6. Brumfitt, W., and Glynn, A., Intracellular killing of micrococcus lysodeikticus by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes A comparative study. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 42, 408-423 (1961). 

Buchmiiller-Rouiller, Y., Corradin, S. B. and Mauel, J. (1992) Macrophage activation for intracellular killing as induced by a Ca ionophore. Dependence on L-arginine-derived nitrogen oxidation produets. Biochem. J. 284 387-392. 

After the MIC has been determined, it is necessary to decide whether the results suggest whether the organisms are susceptible to the tested antimicrobial in vivo. This decision requires an understanding of the PK of the dmg (see Chapter 2 for discussion) and other factors. For example, in vitro assessments of activity may underestimate the in vivo activity because of a post-antibiotic effect and post-antibiotic leukocyte enhancement. The post-antibiotic ejfect (PAE) refers to a persistent antibacterial effect at subinhibitory concentrations, whereas the term post-antibiotic leukocyte enhancement term (PALE) refers to the increased susceptibility to phagocytosis and intracellular killing demonstrated by bacteria following exposure to an antimicrobial agent. ... 

Perhaps the first demonstration that the PMN respiratory burst activity is critical to normal host defense came from observations of patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). CGD was first established as a clinical entity in 1957 by Brendes, and due to the severity of its nature defined as a fatal disease of childhood. The first understanding of the nature of CGD came in 1966 and 1967 when Holmes was able to show that the neutrophils of CGD patients has normal ingestion but defective intracellular killing with their clinical isolates. In 1967, Holmes revealed that the fundamental abnormality was a complete absence of the neutrophil respiratory burst. The first report of a failure of CGD neutrophils to CL came in 1973 by Stjernholm and has... 

A preparation of . purpurea expressed sap increased the in vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by granulocytes and monocytes from healthy donors by 30-45%. The chemotactic migration of granulocytes in the Boy den Chamber was increased by 45%. There was no effect in either direction on intracellular killing of... 

Table 4 - Intracellular killing of Leishmania enriettii parasites by thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages activated by IFNyor arabinogalactan [7]...

Pretreatment with Tinospora cordifolia was found to significantly reduce the mortality of Escherichia co//-induced peritonitis in a mouse model (16.7% in Tinospora cordifolia treated mice as compared to 100% in control mice) [20]. Bacterial clearance studies (up to 4 h after injection of Escherichia coli) revealed that in the Tinospora cordifolia treated mice, although the bacterial count increased initially, it dropped after the second hour. The phagocytic and intracellular bactericidal capacity of polymorphs of Tinospora cordifolia-treated mice were significantly increased (phagocytosis 56.7 5.7%, intracellular killing capacity (ICK) 52.4 5.5%) as compared to control (phagocytosis 34.3 3.4%, ICK 30.5 6.1%, p< 0.001) [21]. 

The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia has been shown to stimulate peritoneal macrophages (% phagocytosis, % intracellular killing capacity of Candida pseudo-tropicalis) in a dose-dependent manner (25-100 mg/kg). This effect peaked at 200 mg/kg, a higher dose being inhibitory (300 mg/kg). The stimulatory effect was comparable to that of muramyl dipeptide [27]. 

In biological systems free radicals may contribute to DNA damage, mutations or degenerative disorder of cell cycle leading to cancer, stroke, Parkinson s and Alzheimer s disease or schizophrenia, but they are also involved in processes that are necessary for life such as intracellular killing of bacteria or the cell signalling process. ... 

Draper, P. Mycobacterial Inhibition of Intracellular Killing F. O Grady and H. Smith (eds), (Academic Press, 1981)... 

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