Intestinal diseases

Balantidiasis (balantidiosis, balantidial dysentery), an intestinal disease seen almost worldwide, is caused by the large ciUated protozoan, balantidium coll The organism is usually found in the lumen of the large intestine of humans and animals. Cysts formed in the lumen of the colon or in freshly evacuated feces of humans or domesticated and wild animals, can colonize the colon and terminal ileum of new hosts by the latter s ingestion of contaminated food or water. The hog has been found to be the most heavily parasitized host. Its association with the rat may be a means for maintaining a reservoir infection in the two animals. 

Hofmann AF (1999) The continuing importance of bile acids in liver and intestinal disease. Arch Intern Med 159 2647-2658... 

Persons who have intestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis or sprue... 

The a-glucosidase inhibitors are contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to the drug, diabetic ketoacidosis, cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration, partial intestinal obstruction or predisposition to intestinal obstruction, or chronic intestinal diseases. Acarbose and miglitol are used cautiously in patients with renal impairment or pre-existing gastrointestinal (GI) problems such as irritable... 

In addition to blood, certain types of specimens are submitted to the Pediatric laboratory which would not be commonly seen elsewhere. An example of this is sweat for analysis of chloride. The process of obtaining the sweat by iontophoresis usually falls to the personnel of the Laboratory of Neonatology (17). Stool for analysis of lipids and trypsin is more commonly submitted to the Laboratory of Neonatology than to the laboratory which services the adult population. The reason for this is that one is screening for certain intestinal diseases characteristic of infants and newborns which are rare in adults. Such conditions would be celiac disease, cystic fibrosis and others. 

Van der Vliet, A. and Bast, A. (1992). Role of reactive oxygen species in intestinal diseases. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 12, 499-513. 

Amar, C. F., East, C. L., Gray, ]., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Maclure, E. A., and McLauchlin, J. (2007). Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 faecal samples Reexamination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993-1996). Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 26,311-323. 

O Brien, S. J., Gillespie, I. A., Sivanesan, M. A., Elson, R., Hughes, C., and Adak, G. K. (2006). Publication bias in foodborne outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and its implications for evidence-based food policy. England and Wales 1992-2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 134, 667-674. 

The distribution of inflammation in CD differs from that seen in UC, as any part of the entire GI tract may be affected in CD. The small intestine is the site most commonly involved. Within the small intestine, the terminal ileum and cecum are almost always affected. Approximately 20% of patients have isolated colonic involvement, whereas inflammation proximal to the small intestine is almost never seen without the presence of small or large intestinal disease.12... 

Since there is no true excretion of iron from the body, iron-deficiency anemia occurs mostly because of inadequate absorption of iron or excess blood loss. Inadequate absorption may occur in patients who have congenital or acquired intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, or bowel resection. Achlorhydria and diets poor in iron also may contribute to poor absorption of iron. In contrast, iron deficiency also may occur in patients who exhibit a higher rate of iron loss from the body. This is manifested in... 

Patients with severe intestinal disease or liver abscess should receive metronidazole 750 mg three times daily for 10 days, followed by the luminal agents indicated above. The pediatric dose of metronidazole is 50 mg/kg per day in divided doses, which should be followed by a luminal agent. An alternative regimen of metronidazole is 2.4 g/day for 2 days in combination with the luminal agent. Tinidazole (Tindamax, recently introduced on the United States market) administered in a dose of 2 g daily for 3 days (pediatric dose 60 mg/kg for 5 days) is an alternative to metronidazole. If there is no prompt response to metronidazole or aspiration of the abscess, an antibiotic regimen should be added. Patients who cannot tolerate oral doses of metronidazole should receive an equivalent dose intravenously. 

For four years, Muller synthesized his own compounds and almost single-handedly screened them for their effect on houseflies. They were known to be transmitters of intestinal diseases like dysentery, and it was speculated at the time that they might spread polio. Muller built a cubic-meter glass chamber for insects and sprayed compound after compound at them. As soon as one compound seemed promising, he searched more carefully among its close relatives, using the natural insecticides, rotenone and pyrethrum, as controls. 

Intermittent periumbilical or lower right quadrant pain with cramps and audible bowel sounds is characteristic of small intestinal disease. 

Diabetic ketoacidoses inflammatory bowel disease colonic ulceration partial intestinal obstruction patients predisposed to intestinal obstruction chronic intestinal diseases associated with marked disorders of digestion or absorption or with conditions that may deteriorate as a result of increased gas formation in the intestine hypersensitivity to the drug or any of its components. 

IX.b.3.2. Aminosalicylates. Clear evidence of efficacy in acute disease is lacking, and furthermore the ability of any of the available compounds to reduce the chances of small intestinal disease recurrence is inadequate to justify general use for this purpose despite the high risk of recurrence. 

Deficiency of vitamin E is characterized by low serum tocopherol levels and a positive hydrogen peroxide hemolysis test. This deficiency is believed to occur in patients with biliary, pancreatic, or intestinal disease that is characterized by excessive steatorrhea. Premature infants with a high intake of fatty acids exhibit a deficiency syndrome characterized by edema, anemia, and low tocopherol levels. This condition is reversed by giving vitamin E. 

Morocco. Leaves are taken orally for stomach and intestinal diseases and used as a mouth cleanser. Essential oil made from the leaves is taken orally for constipation, liver pain, and tonic and applied externally for hair care . 

Enteropathy. An intestinal disease. Enterotoxin. A toxin specifically affecting cells of the intestinal mucosa, causing vomiting and diarrhea, e.g., those elaborated by species of Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, and Vibrio. 

Lmie MN (1938) Treatment of dysentery and haemolytic intestinal diseases among children and adults. Selected Papers of Azerbaijani Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology 6 31-34... 

Factors which tend to decrease the availability of this vitamin include (1) cooking losses, since the vitamin is heat labile (2) cobalt deficiency in ruminants (3) intestinal malabsorption or parasites (4) lack of intrinsic factor (5) intestinal disease (6) aging (7) vegetarian diet (8) excretion... 

Aaron G. Maule, Parasitology Research Group, Queen s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK. Email, a.maule qub.ac.uk Derek M. Mckay, Intestinal Disease Research Programme, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5. Email, mckayd mcmaster.ca... 

In addition, AS-35 (4) has been patented as a remedy for inflammatory intestinal disease (94MIP1) and as an oral antiallergic composition, together with its homologs and 3-carboxylic acid derivatives (93MIP9). 

Deficiencies in vitamin K and the related synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors are treated by administering exogenous vitamin K.20 Various commercial forms of this vitamin are available for oral or parenteral (intramuscular or subcutaneous) administration. Specifically, individuals with a poor diet, intestinal disease, or impaired intestinal absorption may require vitamin K to maintain proper hemostasis. 

Rhubarb is contraindicated in cases of intestinal obturation, acute inflammatory intestinal disease, appendicitis, and abdominal pain of unknown origin. Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints can occur as a side effect of the purgative effect of the drug. Long-term use leads to losses of electrolytes, in particular K+ ions, and as a result of this, to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal motility, and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive steroids in rare cases it also leads to heart arrhythmias, nephropathies, edemas, and accelerated bone deterioration. 

---