Interpretive structural modelling

Agarwal et al. (2007) review the literature on supply chain agility, touching some of the components of DDSC like lead time reduction, market sensitiveness, new product introduction, and propose to apply Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to show the interrelationship of different 15 variables to supply chain agility. 

Mandal, A. and S. G. Deshmukh. 1994. Vendor selection using interpretive structural modeling (ISM). International Journal of Operations and Production Management. 14(6) 52-59. 

Data-based approaches can only handle defined measurable information and are only adequate for well-structured problems. They use analytical techniques which are frequently used in tactical decisions. On the other hand, experience-based approaches apply hybrid techniques that combine both quantitative and qualitative criteria. They generally employ expert systems, neural networks, and case-based reasoning to define the problem and determine the criteria in the supplier selection decision. The experience-based approaches use brainstorming, cognitive mapping as well as interpretative structural modeling. 

Interpretive Structural Modeling of Security Systems for Better Security Management in Railways... 

Two basically neutral processes of systems science - the Nominal Group Technique and Interpretive Structural Modeling - can be applied to reduce or organize the complexity of a system. Once organized, the complexity may not remain aitymore in the system [WAR 06]. Clarity of stmctural relationships leads to better understanding of the system and enables the concerned authorities find appropriate solutions to perceived problems. 

Interpretive Structural Modeling for Indian Railway Security System... 

DAY 08] Dayal B., Satsangi P.S., Managing complexity in systems through neutral processes of nominal group technique and interpretive structural modeling a novel application from literary field . Proceedings of XXXII National Systems Conference 2008, December 17-19,2008. 

Chemical reactivity differences may be calculated if for the transition state of a rate-determining step of a reaction a structural model can be given which is describable by a force field with known constants. We give only two examples. Schleyer and coworkers were able to interpret quantitatively a multitude of carbonium-ion reactivities (63, 111) in this way. Adams and Kovacic studied the pyrolysis of 3-homoadamantylacetate (I) at 550 °C and considered as transition state models the two bridgehead olefins II and III (112). From kinetic data they estimated II to be about 2 kcal mole-1 more favourable than III. 

Clearly, precision must be a small fraction of resolution and any structural model must fit column position within a few picometer as shown in Figures 3 and 6. Deviations from this rule indicate the need to refine structural models, the presence of systematic errors, or an over interpretations of data. Unfortunately, this basic rule is sometimes disregarded by ignoring mismatches of up to 1 A = 100 pm . Systematic errors often relate to the presence of scanning noise, sample tilt, or to unfavorable specimen geometry for an exit wave reconstruction... 

Therefore, quite paradoxically, we are faced with the fact that contrary to commonly accepted opinion, alternative D6h and Dih models of the benzene molecule cannot be distinguished on experimental grounds, and the former structural model had been assumed to interpret experimental data. 

L.133 Using two sets of backbone RDC data, collected in bacteriophage Pfl and bicelle media, they obtained order tensor parameters using a set of crystallographic coordinates for the structural model. This allowed the refinement of C -C bond orientations, which then provided the basis for their quantitative interpretation of C -H RDCs for 38 out of a possible 49 residues in the context of three different models. The three models were (A) a static xi rotameric state (B) gaussian fluctuations about a mean xi torsion and (C) the population of multiple rotameric states. They found that nearly 75% of xi torsions examined could be adequately accounted for by a static model. By contrast, the data for 11 residues were much better fit when jumps between rotamers were permitted (model C). The authors note that relatively small harmonic fluctuations (model B) about the mean rotameric state produces only small effects on measured RDCs. This is supported by their observation that, except for one case, the static model reproduced the data as well as the gaussian fluctuation model. 

Fig. 2.15 Structure image of an isolated single shear plane of (120) from a fragment of slightly reduced WO3 (a) and structure models used for interpretation (b) and (c)," (see text).

The partition of molecular distance correlations into intra- and intermolecular contributions allows us to interpret these correlations in terms of a simple geometrical model. By this means, we are able to elicit structural units as for example segment-clusters that include intermolecular interference phenomena. These clusters are the primary structure units which we call monodomains . These natural units characterize the basic symmetry of the whole structure. If we keep in mind this basic symmetry, we can construct our structure model from a molecular level up to the level of the monodomain treating intra- and intermolecular correlations independently. If we do so, every X-ray pattern can be represented by accounting for the orientation distribution of these monodomains. 

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