Interpreting drawings

Presenting information in the form of a drawing is the most appropriate method of communication. Drawings provide a clear and concise method of conveying information to other individuals and other departments. They give a permanent record of the product and enable identical 

When an initial design is decided, it is broken down into a series of units for assembly or sub-assembly, which are further broken down into individual parts referred to as detail drawings. 

An assembly drawing shows the exact relative position of aU the parts and how they fit together. Dimensions of individual parts are not shown although indication of overall dimensions relative to, and important for the final assembly may be included. AU individual parts are identified by an item number. A parts list is shown giving information such as item number, part description, part number and quantity required. 

The parts list would include details of bought-out items such as nuts, bolts, screws, bearings, electric motors, valves etc. 

As the name implies these drawings are used by engineers to fit together, or assemble, aU the parts as the final product and by maintenance engineers during servicing, repair or replacement of worn parts. An example of an assembly drawing is shown in Fig. 20.5. 

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Figure 16-22 (A) Structure of the active site of iron superoxide dismutase from E. coli. From Carlioz et al m Courtesy of M. Ludwig. (B) Interpretive drawing illustrating the single-electron transfer from a superoxide molecule to the Fe3+ of superoxide dismutase and associated proton uptake. Based on Lah et al.376...

C) Interpretative drawing of view in (B). Arrow marks a short (20-150 nucleotide) region of apparent homology. From Westmoreland, Szybalski, and Ris. ... 

The commercial 2D structure editor. Chemistry 4D-Draw, from Chemlnnovativc Software Inc., includes two additional special modules besides conventional chemical drawing tools. NamExpert provides the interpretation ofa compound name according to the lUPAC nomenclature to create the corresponding chemical structure. The latter can be represented in three different styles the shorthand. Kckulc. or semi-structural formula. In contrast to NamExpert, the Nomenclature module assigns lUPAC names to drawn structures. 

A manual entitled Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity has been prepared as a provisional publication by Commission 1.6 of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). The purpose of the manual is to draw attention to problems involved in reporting physisorption data and to provide guidance on the evaluation and interpretation of isotherm data. The general conclusions and recommendations are very similar to those contained in Chapter 6. 

Although spectroscopy and quantum mechanics are closely interrelated it is nevertheless the case that there is still a tendency to teach the subjects separately while drawing attention to the obvious overlap areas. This is the attitude 1 shall adopt in this book, which is concerned primarily with the techniques of spectroscopy and the interpretation of the data that accme. References to texts on quantum mechanics are given in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. 

Analysts The above is a formidable barrier. Analysts must use limited and uncertain measurements to operate and control the plant and understand the internal process. Multiple interpretations can result from analyzing hmited, sparse, suboptimal data. Both intuitive and complex algorithmic analysis methods add bias. Expert and artificial iutefligence systems may ultimately be developed to recognize and handle all of these hmitations during the model development. However, the current state-of-the-art requires the intervention of skilled analysts to draw accurate conclusions about plant operation. 

By using these N,ss values, we ean interpret the Nss Graph, and get a picture of the operating window ofthe.se three pumps. To interpret the graph we start on the left eolumn at the flow in gpm. In Figure 6-15, we draw a line from the flow to the Nss value of the pump, and then reference downward for water, or upward for hydroearbons. 

The detailed analysis of the way in which the overall and internal structure of PCNTs apparently arise is discussed elsewhere[20j. Here, we draw attention to some particularly interesting and unusual structures which occur in the body of the nanotubes. An expansion of the section of the central core which lies ca. 5 below the tip of the nanotube in Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 2. Loop structures occur at points a-d and a -d in the walls in directly opposing pairs. This parallel behaviour must, on the basis of statistical arguments, be related and we interpret the patterns as evidence for a hemi-toroidal connection between the inner and outer adjacent concentric graphene tubes (i.e., turnovers similar to a rolled-over sock). That the loops, seen in the HRTEM, are evidence for very narrow single-walled closed-ended tubes trapped within the walls can be discounted, also on statistical grounds. 

A number of standards exist for the determination of some of these parameters. BS 1377 Part 3 1990 refers to methods of tests for soils for civil engineering purposes, and Part 9 refers to these and corrosivity tests in situ. It is significant that the standard draws attention to the fact that the results of the tests that are described should be interpreted by a specialist. ASTM tests for pH and resistivity of soil used for corrosion testing are covered by G51 1977(R1984) and G57 1978 (R1984), respectively. 

Training courses are available in analytical methods of fault-tracing. Computers are also in use which monitor a number of parameters and draw attention to any observed abnormality. The control/ monitoring device may then make a judgement as to the cause, or this may rely on the interpretation of the operator. Considerable use is now made of logic control/monitoring devices which can oversee the operation of a large number of installations from a central computer/observation terminal. 

When first dealing with resonance forms, it s useful to have a set of guidelines that describe how to draw and interpret them. 

Thomson JOV Click Organic Interactive to learn to draw and interpret Fischer projections of simple monosaccharides. 

Nevertheless, the authors are aware that these interpretations are speculative. Further investigations are necessary before one can draw definite conclusions. 

Used either as prelaboratory preparation for related laboratory activities or to expose students to additional laboratory activities not available in their program, these modules motivate students to learn by proposing real-life problems in a virtual environment. Students make decisions on experimental design, observe reactions, record data, interpret these data, perform calculations, and draw conclusions from their results. Following a summary of the module, students test their understanding by applying what they have learned to new situations or by analyzing the effect of experimental errors. 

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