Interpretation of measurements

For interpretation of measuring results, calibration characteristics obtained on the samples in advance is used in the above instruments. However, if number of impediment factors increases, the interpretation of the signals detected becomes more complicated in many times. This fact causes the position that the object thickness T and crack length I are not taken into consideration in the above-mentioned instruments. It is considered that measuring error in this case is not significant. 

Accuracy and Interpretation of Measured pH Values. The acidity function which is the experimental basis for the assignment of pH, is reproducible within about 0.003 pH unit from 10 to 40°C. If the ionic strength is known, the assignment of numerical values to the activity coefficient of chloride ion does not add to the uncertainty. However, errors in the standard potential of the cell, in the composition of the buffer materials, and ia the preparatioa of the solutioas may raise the uacertaiaty to 0.005 pH unit. 

Representative sampling consistent with intended interpretation of measurement... 

ISO EN 9886 presents the principles, methods, and interpretation of measurements of relevant human physiological responses to hot, moderate, and cold environments. The standard can be used independently or to complement other standards. Four physiological measures are considered body core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, and body mass loss. Comments are also provided on the technical requirements, relevance, convenience, annoyance to the subject, and cost of each of the physiological measurements. The use of ISO 9886 is mainly for extreme cases, where individuals are exposed to severe environments, or in laboratory investigations into the influence of the thermal environment on humans. 

Interpretation of Measurements in Experimental Catalysis P. B. Weisz and C. D. Prater Commercial Isomerization B. L. Evering Acidic and Basic Catalysis Martin Kilpatrick Industrial Catalytic Cracking Rodney V. Shankland... 

The correct interpretation of measured process data is essential for the satisfactory execution of many computer-aided, intelligent decision support systems that modern processing plants require. In supervisory control, detection and diagnosis of faults, adaptive control, product quality control, and recovery from large operational deviations, determining the mapping from process trends to operational conditions is the pivotal task. Plant operators skilled in the extraction of real-time patterns of process data and the identification of distinguishing features in process trends, can form a mental model on the operational status and its anticipated evolution in time. 

Interpretation of Measured Solubility of lonizable Drug-Like Compounds can be Difficult... 

Interpretation of measurements of methods X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (Janssen and van Espen [1986] Arnold et al. [1994]), X-ray diffraction spectra (Adler et al. [1993]), NMR spectra (HIPS, Wehrens et al. [1993a]), HPLC retention indices (RIPS, Wehrens [1994]), Karl Fischer titration (HELGA, Wunsch and Gansen [1989]). 

A sample is selected by a random process to eliminate problems of bias in selection and/or to provide a basis for statistical interpretation of measurement data. There are three sampling processes which give rise to different types of random sample ... 

The interpretation of measured data can be started by examining the molar mass dependence. Here the influence of a broad molar mass dependence has a strong influence, but just this effect can be used for a differentiation between the various mechanisms of their formation and the resulting architectures. 

McLachlan, M. 1999, Eramework for the interpretation of measurements of SVOCs in plants. Environ. 

Acid-base equilibria are quite sensitive to the presence of any organic solvent, but since the interpretation of measured pH values is limited to pure water solution, it has been both necessary to define a proton activity (termed pan) for any mixture and to use conveniently modified electrodes to carry out the potentiometric determinations of pan in the range of normal and subzero temperatures. 

Interpretation of Measurement in Experimental Catalysis P, B, Weisz and C. D. Prater... 

A crucial feature of PNC experiments in atoms, molecules, liquids or solids is that for interpretation of measured data in terms of fundamental constants of the P,T-odd interactions, one must calculate those properties of the systems, which establish a connection between the measured data and studied fundamental constants (see section 4). These properties are described by operators heavily concentrated near or on heavy nuclei they cannot be measured and their theoretical study is not a trivial task. During the last several years the significance of (and requirement for) ab initio calculation of electronic structure providing a high level of reliability and accuracy in accounting for both relativistic and correlation effects has only increased (see sections 3 and 10). 

The clinical importance of plasma protein binding is only to help interpretation of measured drug concentrations. When plasma proteins are lower than normal, then total drug concentrations will be lower but unbound concentrations will not be affected. 

Emphasis will be put on the existing possibilities for a quantitative interpretation of measuring results. At the same time, this review should serve as an introduction for those who wish to become familiar with this rather special field. 

The interpretation of measurements is discussed for the particular cases of collectors shaped like a circular cylinder, an aerofoil or a circular disc. It is shown through the trajectories of representative droplets that correction factors are needed to relate the numbers caught to the numbers present in the unobstructed flow. These factors are given in graphical form, and a practical application is discussed. 

A similar over-interpretation of measured data is to attribute high selectivity to MIPs which bind their templates very strongly. This is again based on the model with strong, selective sites for the template and weak, nonselective sites which bind the interferents. However, in a practical application of the MIP there may be other substances present in the sample, sometimes unrelated chemically to the template, which are also bound strongly. (Such substances have been used occasionally as non-related probes in competitive binding assays based on MIPs.) Therefore selectivity studies should be as extensive as possible. 

Hayward et al. (2002) demonstrated that PTR-MS could reliably measure a wide range of VOCs and with a time resolution sufficiently fast to capture the dynamics of many environmental processes (e.g., the light dependency of isoprene emissions from vegetation). They also demonstrated that the components of the instrument output (signal plus noise) were easily characterized, enabling a simple interpretation of measurements. 

Interpretation of measured XH, 2H, 13C and 29Si relaxation values T1 can be supported by NMR measurements of self-diffusion (see Section X.B) as shown by the example of hexamethyldisilane346. 

The above results are of pivotal importance because they allow the QED part of the D-state energies to be calculated to sufficient accuracy that these states can be taken as absolute points of reference in the interpretation of measured transition frequencies. In particular, the much larger S-state QED shift can then be extracted from measured nS-n D transition frequencies by subtraction of the other known terms. 

If it is, as some people say, correct that today s bioengineering with all its tools and methodologies is too slow and not efficient enough, then it is all the more urgent to improve the performance of the methods, tools and equipment currently available and to invent new and better ones. In essence, techniques of instrumentation, operation, and causal-analytical interpretation of measurements need massive impulses. 

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