Emissions from vegetation

Emissions from vegetation Collection in canisters cryogenic concentration cap. GC/FID 0.1-0.02 g/m2/h Not reported Fukui and Doskey 1996... 

Drewitt, G. B K. Curren, D. G. Steyn, T. J. Gillespie, and H. Niki, Measurement of Biogenic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Vegetation in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Atmos. Envimn., 32, 3457-3466 (1998). 

Owen, S. M C. Boissard, B. Hagenlocher, and C. N. Hewitt, Field Studies of Isoprene Emissions from Vegetation in the Northwest Mediterranean Region, . /. Geophys. Res., 103, 25499-25511 (1998). 

Hildemann, L. M., W. F. Rogge, G. R. Cass, M. A. Mazurek, and B. R. T. Simoneit, Contribution of Primary Aerosol Emissions from Vegetation-Derived Sources to Fine Particle Concentrations in Los Angeles, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19541-19549 (1996). 

Isoprene occurs in the environment as emissions from vegetation, particularly from deciduous forests, and as a by-product in the production of ethylene by naphtha cracking. In the United States, the total emission rate of isoprene from deciduous forests has been estimated at 4.9 tonnes per year, with greatest emissions in the summer. The global annual emission of isoprene in 1988 was estimated to be 285 000 thousand tonnes. Isoprene is produced endogenously in humans. It has also been found in tobacco smoke, gasoline, turbine and automobile exhaust, and in emissions from wood pulping, biomass combustion and rubber abrasion (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

Exposure to isoprene occurs in the production of the monomer and in the production of synthetic rubbers. Isoprene occurs in the environment due to emissions from vegetation and the production of ethylene by naphtha cracking. 

Hayward et al. (2002) demonstrated that PTR-MS could reliably measure a wide range of VOCs and with a time resolution sufficiently fast to capture the dynamics of many environmental processes (e.g., the light dependency of isoprene emissions from vegetation). They also demonstrated that the components of the instrument output (signal plus noise) were easily characterized, enabling a simple interpretation of measurements. 

Zimmerman, P. R. Testing for hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation leaf litter and aquatic surfaces, and development of a methodology for compiling biogenic emission inventories. PA Report 450/4-4-79-004, Environmental Protection Agency, 1979. 

The biosphere is a major contributor to the atmosphere of heavier hydrocarbons. Fritz Went (8, 9), who first recognized the global extent of smog, pointed out the general importance of natural emissions from vegetation. He estimated that sources in the biosphere annually emit between 170 X 10 and 10 tons of hydrocarbon material to the atmosphere. Went also observed that these materials are mainly in the terpene class and that, because they are photochemically reactive, these materials are polymerized in atmospheric photochemical reactions to form an organic aerosol. He attributes the blue haze found in many forested areas to the optical effects of this aerosol. 

To assess both the environmental and health impacts of biomass burning, information is needed on the gaseous and particulate emissions produced during the fire and released into the atmosphere. The calculation of gaseous emissions from vegetation and peat fires can be calculated using a form of an expression from Seiler and Crutzen (1980) for each burning ecosystem/ terrain ... 

Volatile emissions from vegetation include hydrocarbons other than isoprene and terpenes. Altshuller (1983) has compiled emission data available to him [mainly from Zimmerman (1979a,b)]. The emissions contained C2-C6 alkanes, various alkenes, and C6-C12 volatile organic compounds. Practically every deciduous plant and all the grasses studied emitted alkanes with ethane and propane dominating the mixture. Twenty to 50% of total hydrocarbon emissions, on average, consisted of alkanes. 

Table 6-6 summarizes the hydrocarbon emission data discussed above. Although numerous sources have been identified, and several of them contribute substantially to atmospheric hydrocarbons at least on a local scale, no individual source can match global emissions from vegetation. 

Martin, R. S., Villanueva, I., Zhang, J., and Popp, C. J., Nonmethane hydrocarbon, monocarboxylic acid, and low molecular weight aldehyde and ketone emissions from vegetation in central New Mexico, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 33, 2186-2192, 1999. 

Winer, A. M., Arey, J., Aschmann, S. M., Atkinson, R., Long, W. D., Morrison, L. C., and Olszyk, D. M. (1989) Hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation found in California s Central Valley. Final Report. Contract No. A732-155. California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA. 

Andreae, M. O. and P. Merlot (2001) Emissions of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 955-966 Andreae, M. O. (2004) Assessment of global emissions from vegetation fires. International Forest Fire News 31, 112-121... 

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 5-30 ppt 50-100 ppt Marine air Continental rural. Higher in urban air Emission from soils, 0.5 Emission from vegetation, 1 Volcanoes, 1 Reaction with OH 3d... 

Solar UV-B radiation has been increased in the areas of stratospheric ozone hole in the polar area. Some observations of isoprene emission from vegetation experimentally exposed to supplemental UV-B simulated 20-30% depletion of stratospheric ozone, which suggests increased emission of isoprene under elevated UV-B radiation conditions. 

Zimmerman P (1979) Testing of hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation, leaf litter and aquatic surfaces and development of a method for compiling biogenic emissions inventories. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-450-4-70-004... 

Ayers, G, and R. Gillett (1988), Isoprene emissions from vegetation and hydrocarbon emissions from bushfires in tropical Australia, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 177-190. 

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