International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , naming

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) names the... 

Organic (and some inorganic) ligands are frequently named with older trivial names rather than with lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) names. The lUPAC names are more correct, but trivial names and abbreviations are still commonly used. Tables 9-2, 9-3, and 9-4 list some of the common ligands. Ligands with two or more points of attachment to metal atoms are called chelating ligands, and the compounds are called chelates (pronounced key-lates), a name derived from the... 

The systematic HIP AC (eye-YOU-pack (International Union of Pure And Applied Chemistry)) names. 

The central element may exist in different oxidation states, and there may be an acid corresponding to each state. The older system of nomenclature uses various prefixes and suffixes to denote these conditions. These designations, together with the newer lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) names, are given below. 

Many organic compounds have more than one name, although one, the lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) name, is often preferred. Methylpropane above is also known as tertiary butane. 

Succinic acid (ethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid) is also known as amber acid with an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry name of butanedioic acid. It is a dicarboxylic acid (saturated) with the chemical formula of HO2C (CH2)2C02H, and its chemical structure is illustrated in Fig. 9.3. The acid and its esters occur in nature in amber, spring water, meteorites, vegetables, and fruit and animal tissues. The production methods generally include the biochemical and chemical oxidation of fats and alcoholic fermentation. In its pure form, succinic acid occurs as colorless triclinic prisms (a-form) and monoclinic prisms (p-form) (Fumagalli, 2007). Some of the significant properties of succinic acid are summarized in Table 9.2. 

Enzymes are classified in terms of the reactions which they catalyse and were formerly named by adding the suffix ase to the substrate or to the process of the reaction. In order to clarify the confusing nomenclature a system has been developed by the International Union of Biochemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (see Enzyme Nomenclature , Elsevier, 1973). The enzymes are classified into divisions based on the type of reaction catalysed and the particular substrate. The suffix ase is retained and recommended trivial names and systematic names for classification are usually given when quoting a particular enzyme. Any one particular enzyme has a specific code number based upon the new classification. 

During this time I suggested (in 1972) naming the cations of carbon compounds carbocations (because the corresponding anions were named carbanions ). To my surprise, the name stuck and was later officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for general use. 

After World War II the International Union of Chemistry became the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (known in the chemical com munity as the lUPAC) Since 1949 the lUPAC has is sued reports on chemical nomenclature on a regular basis The most recent lUPAC rules for organic chem istry were published in 1993 The lUPAC rules often offer several different ways to name a single com pound Thus although it is true that no two com... 

Isopropyl group (Section 2 13) The group (CH3)2CH— Isotactic polymer (Section 7 15) A stereoregular polymer in which the substituent at each successive chirality center is on the same side of the zigzag carbon chain Isotopic cluster (Section 13 22) In mass spectrometry a group of peaks that differ in m/z because they incorporate differ ent isotopes of their component elements lUPAC nomenclature (Section 2 11) The most widely used method of naming organic compounds It uses a set of rules proposed and periodically revised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry... 

In the petroleum industry the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) system is in widespread use for naming organic compounds. Two points, however, regarding group names and the prefix, iso, call for comment. 

In Table 1, drawn up by the author, of abbreviations in common use those in bold type are in the main schedule of BS 3502. In this list the names given for the materials aie the commonly used scientific names. This situation is further complicated by the adoption of a nomenclature by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for systematic names and a yet further nomenclature by the Association for Science Education which is widely used in British schools but not in industry. Some examples of these are given in Table 2. Because many rubbery materials have been referred to in this book. Tables 3 and 4 list abbreviations for these materials. 

As the science of organic chemistry slowly grew in the 19th century, so too did the number of known compounds and the need for a systematic method of naming them. The system of nomenclature we ll use in this book is that devised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC, usually spoken as eye-you-pac). 

As noted in the text, chemists overwhelmingly use the nomenclature system devised and maintained by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC. Rules for naming monofunctional compounds were given throughout the text as each new functional group was introduced, and a list of where these rules can be found is given in Table A.l. 

As organic chemistry developed, it became apparent that some systematic way of naming compounds was needed. About 70 years ago, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) devised a system that could be used for all organic compounds. To illustrate this system, we will show how it works with alkanes. 

In the early days of chemistry, the list of known compounds was short, so chemists could memorize the names of all of them. New compounds were often named for their place of origin, physical appearance, or properties. As the science of chemistry grew, the number of known compounds increased quickly. Soon, nobody could keep track of all of the common names. Today, more than 20 million compounds are known, and thousands of new ones are discovered or created each year. Consequently, chemists need systematic procedures for naming chemical compounds. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) has established uniform guidelines for naming various types of chemical substances, and chemists increasingly use lUPAC-approved names rather than their common counterparts. Systematic names are less colorful than common names, but they make chemistry less hectic because it is much easier to learn a few systematic guidelines than to memorize the names of thousands of individual compounds. 

Originally, compounds containing coordination complexes were given common names such as Prussian blue (KFe[Fe (CN)g ]), which is deep blue, or Reinecke s salt (NH4[Cr (NH3)2 (NCS)4]), named for its first maker. Eventually, coordination compounds became too numerous for chemists to keep track of all the common names. To solve the nomenclature problem, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) created a systematic procedure for naming coordination compounds. The following guidelines are used to determine the name of a coordination compound from its formula, or vice versa ... 

The "natural" language of medicinal chemists is chemical structure. When claiming important individual compounds, claim the compounds by chemical structure instead of, for example, International Union of Pure and applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical names. This minimizes the possibility that an error in a chemical structure will be missed. 

Polycyclic hydrocarbons may be named in a variety of ways. These include several kinds of systematic names, recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) [93-ano-l], indexing names used by Chemical Abstracts, and various trivial and other names found in the chemical literature. 

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends the use of the International System of Units (SI) in all scientific and technical publications [13]. Appendix A list the names and symbols adopted for the seven SI base units, together with several SI derived units, which have special names and are relevant in molecular energetics. Among the base units, the kelvin (symbol K) and the mole (mol), representing thermodynamic temperature and amount of substance, respectively, are of particular importance. Derived units include the SI unit of energy, the joule (J), and the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa). 

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the International Committee on Atomic Weights (ICAW) was formed. Although the ICAW did not set internationally approved names, a name with an atomic weight value in their table lent support for the adoption of that name by the chemical community. Twenty years later, the ICAW became a part of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) when it was formed. lUPAC was called the International Union of Chemistry in those early days. In 1949, the responsibility for acceptance of the name of a chemical element was given by lUPAC to its Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (CNIC). 

Complexes and complex ions are named and written according to lUPAC rules -the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is the world authority on chemical nomenclature. 

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