International standard classification occupations

Table 1. International standard classification of occupations ISCO-88 occupational code numbers (different skill levels) and international standard industrial classification ISIC Rev. 3 industrial code numbers, as appropriate, for selected occupations and industries. Code numbers selected on a hierarchical level as low as possible. Exclusions in job title may not be applicable to units determined by numbers. In case of multiple code numbers, the original classifications should be consulted as to which number (entry) is most appropriate for the actual classification problem ...

International Labour Office (1990) International standard classification of occupations ISCO-88. International Labour Office, Geneva... 

WHPA). As a major result of these efforts, ILO agreed to classify biomedical engineers not just as engineers as it did in the past, but also as an integral part of the health professionals in its new International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08). 

The ratio of the hazard rates defining the 1st and 99th percentile of the worker population is approximately 700. This means that the risk determinants incorporated in the model (age, sex, nativity, worker-firm relationship and sector) can account for large risk differentials within the worker population. However, further improvement of the model could be achieved if workers within the sectors are differentiated according to the hazard potential of their jobs, for instance by means of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). This information was not available in our data. 

A competing concept of documenting medically (dermatologically) relevant descriptors, i.e., exposures and their duration and intensity, would be to classify not the individual occupation of the patient, but the type of industry in which he or she works. Examples of such classifications and some of their applications, e.g., employers liability insurance or governmental labor statistics, are listed below. A classification system provided by the United Nations (UN) for this purpose is the international standard industrial classification (ISIC) (United Nations 1990), as shown below. 

Statistical data collection is based on various classifications - the UN Systems of National Accounts (SNA), the Intemational Standard Classification for Education (ISCED), the Intemational Standard Classification for Occupations (ISCO) and the Intemational Standard Classification of all Industrial Activities (ISIC), and is collected with a focus on subject - for example, numbers of graduates and human resources, amount of financial resources, investment and expenditure, and the number of papers published, copyrights and patents issued. It is important to note that metrics and indicators relate to information that is requested or required at national and international level (in line with the need for internationally harmonious and comparable data). Statistics of science and technology relate to numbers that are readily available and measurable, and are not necessarily metrics and indicators that give the best picture of engineering, science or technology. How good the information and data is, and... 

The SCHC strives to keep its members aware of the latest developments concerning hazard communication. Topics at meetings include Internet resources American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Transportation (DOT), and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSFLA) updates and international information. A major topic has been the international harmonization of hazard communication, the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. The development of the system was completed in 2001, adopted/endorsed by the UN in 2002, and is expected to affect hazard communication globally. 

Several classification problems have to be solved prior to establishing an epidemiological system for surveillance of the health of a population, e.g., the residents of a certain country or the employees of a certain industrial plant. These problems include, among others, the design and use of a standardized system (i) of diagnostic entities to document health problems and (2) of a list of occupational activities and exposures. The first aspect represents an obvious necessity without a set of well-defined diagnoses, it is impossible to perform analyses of health problems in a population. On an international level, the International Classification of Diseases, presently in its 10th revision ( TCD-10 ), provides such a tool. 

The ANSI oversees the promulgation of the ANSI-Z136 series of laser safety standards. These standards provide the foundation of laser safety in industry, medicine, research, and government. OSHA evaluates laser-related occupational safety issues by referencing ANSI Z-136 laser safety standards. The Laser Institute of America (LIA) serves as the international society for laser apph-cations and safety. LIA remains committed to the mission of fostering lasers, laser applications, and laser safety worldwide. The FDA regulates product performance for all laser products sold in the United States. The manufacturer must meet FDA performance and safety standards to certify products. Each laser must bear a label indicating compliance with the FDA standards and include the laser hazard classification. 

Huang JO, Hong YZ (1984) A comparison of Chinese diagnostic standards of silicotic radiographs and the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses. Ann Occup Hyg 28 13-18... 

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