International Program for Chemical Safety

Salamone MF, Chiu S, Logan DM. 1988. Abnormal sperm test results for benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, 2- acetylaminofluorene, and 4-acetylaminofluorene using both hybrid and outbred mice Part 2. Gavage treatment Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogenicity. Report of the International Program for Chemical Safety s Collaborative Study 2 243-250. 

International Program for Chemical Safety International Product Registration Document... 

There have been ongoing discussions about emissions from the incineration of plastics that have been flame-retarded. On this issue the WHO s International Program for Chemical Safety has stated of PBDEs that properly controlled incineration, i.e., according to current European regulations, does not lead to the emission of significant quantities of dioxins or furans. 

The International Program for Chemical Safety (IPCS) of the World Health Organization has made several recormnendations. Polybrominated diphenyls production (France) and use should be limited because of the concern over high persistency, bioaccumulation and potential adverse effects at low levels. There is limited toxicity data on deca- and octabromodiphenyls. Commercial use should cease unless safety is demonstrated. For the polybrominated diphenyl oxides, a Task Group felt that polybrominated dibenzofurans, and to a lesser extent the dioxins, may be formed. For decabromodiphenyl oxide, appropriate industrial hygiene measures need to be taken and environmental exposure minimized by emission control. Controlled incineration procedures should be instituted. For octabromodiphenyl oxide, the hexa- and lower isomers should be minimized. There is considerable concern over persistence in the environment and the accumulation in organisms, especially, for pentabromodiphenyl oxide. 

The eChemPortal is an effort of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with the European Commission, the United States, Canada, lapan, the International Council of Chemical Associations, the Business and Industry Advisory Committee, the World Health Organization s International Program on Chemical Safety, the United Nations Environment Programme on Chemicals and environmental non-governmental organizations. 

Ritter, L., Solomon, K.R., Forget, J, 1995. An Assessment Report on DDT-Aldrin-Dieldrin-Endrin-Chlordan-Heptachlor-Hexachlorobenzene-Mirex-Toxaphene-Polychlorinated Biphenyls-Dioxins and Furans for the International Program on Chemical Safety. 

Carls, N. Schiestl, R.H. (1994) Evalnation of the yeast DEL assay with 10 compounds selected by the International Program on Chemical Safety for the evalnation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Mutat. Res., 320, 293-303 Cesarone, C.F., Bolognesi, C. Santi, L. (1982) Evalnation of damage to DNA after in vivo exposnre to different classes of chemicals. Hrc/z. Toxicol, 5 (Snppl.), 355-359... 

He has worked for OECD in various capacities, for the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and for WHO, and has advised the Ministries of Environment of the governments of Iran and India. From 1992 through July 2002, with support from... 

World Health Organization International Program on Chemical Safety. 1999. Principles for the assessment of risks to human health from exposure to chemicals. Environmental Health Criteria No. 20. Geneva (Switzerland) World Health Organization. 

BarrettRH. 1985. Assays for unscheduled DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. In Ashby J, de Serres FJ, Draper M, et al., eds. Progress in mutation research 5. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens Report of the International Program on Chemical Safety s collaborative study on in vitro assays. Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier Science Publisher, 347-352. 

World Health Organization (WHO). 2001. Neurotoxicity risk assessment for human health Principles and approaches. Environmental Health Criteria. 223 The International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 

The development, validation, and application of TEFs have been reviewed regularly since 1984 by Safe [25,36,37]. The limitations of this approach have been identified [38]. To assess the relative potencies and to derive consensus on TEFs for PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs, the WHO-European Centre for Environmental and Health (WHO-ECEH) and the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) have initiated a project and published their interim report [39]. The most important limitations, namely possible synergism or antagonism among dioxins and its stereo isomers and the lack of pharmacokinetic consideration, have been addressed in this report. USEPA researchers [40] showed that the relative potency of PCBs, PCDFs, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD is tissue specific and thus estimates of TEFs based on hepatic EROD activity is limited. Additionally, limitations of TEFs based on mammalian models to aquatic species have been demonstrated [41]. The international initiative on TEFs has recognized these pitfalls and recommended development of TEFs for fish and other wildlife. 

Carls N, Schiestl RH. Evaluation of the yeast DEL assay with 10 compounds selected by the International Program on Chemical Safety for the evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. MutatRes. 1994 320(4) 293-303. 

Chemical safety data sheets are prepared by various type organizations chemical safety data sheets prepared by groups of experts and peer-reviewed and chemical safety data sheets prepared by manufacturers or distributors. There are websites, such as the US National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) that provide a listing of MSDS for various substances and mixtures. Peer-reviewed data sheets on chemical substances, the International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) are available from the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 

Meredith, T.J., Jacobsen, D., Haines, J.A., Berger, J.-C., and van Heijst, A.N.P., Antidotes for cyanide poisoning, Volume 2, International Program of Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Communities. Evaluation of Antidote Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, CA, 1993. 

These issues are ones of extrapolation and as noted by Preston (2005) such extrapolations are the Achilles heel of risk assessment (Preston 2005). The U.S. EPA, The International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), and The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), for example, have proposed a framework based on the mode of action of a chemical, the key events that define a particular mode of action, and a human relevance framework for assessing the plausibility of an animal mode of action to humans. It is this approach that will be described and discussed in this chapter. 

This effort by the OECD is actively supported by other international organizations concerned with chemical safety, as well as by the chemical industry. The Commission of the European Community (CEC), the United Nations International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), and the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTQ of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) all send observers to chemical review meetings. The UN wganizations intend to disseminate the final conclusions and recommendations for specific chemicals internationally, beyond OECD member countries. 

Meredith TJ, Jacobsen D, Haines JA, Berger J-C, van Heijst ANP, eds. Antidotes for Poisoning by Cyanide. Vol 2. In International Program on Chemical Safety/Commission of the European Communities Evaluation of Antidotes Series. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization and Commission of the European Communities 1993. Publication EUR 14280 EN. 

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