UN Security Council Resolution

The OPCW s expertise and knowledge of CWs including its developed system of assistance and protection under the CWC (Article X) as a reflection of international solidarity and co-operation are being put to use to prevent and respond to chemical terrorism and thus considerably diminish its potential consequences. It can be added that pursuant to the recent UN Security Council Resolution No 1540, all nations are obliged to take actions ensuring that non-State actors cannot develop, produce, use or trade CWs according to the terms of CWC. 

More recently, this connection has been recognized in UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004). 

UN Security Council Resolution 1540 of 28 April 200425 addresses some of the limitations inherent in the PSI approach, as first of all the export control measures required under it are not excluding intangible technology transfers. It also has a much wider scope than PSI prohibiting state support for non-state efforts to acquire NBC weapons, requiring states to ... 

A more detailed account of the negotiation, content and implications of UN Security Council Resolution 1540 can be found in M. Datan, Security Council Resolution 1540 WMD and non-state trahcking, Disarmament Diplomacy, 79, 2005 C. Craft, Challenges ofUNSCR 1540 Questions about International Export Controls, CITS Briefs (Athens University of Georgia, 2004). 

In the absence of the Convention s full universality and in view of non-state actors seeking to acquire chemical weapons capabilities. States have long adopted counter-proliferation measures. Early steps had already been taken in the 1980s, both at the national level and by way of international co-ordination, such as the export controls organized through the so-called Australia group. The effectiveness of such controls is doubtful, notwithstanding other multilateral efforts such as UN Security Council Resolution 1540 of 28 April 2004 on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. ... 

There is a well-established rule of international law protecting the territorial integrity and unity of states. For instance, even UN Security Council Resolution 1514 (XV), which first enshrined the principle of self-determination as classically understood, determined that ... 

UN Security Council Resolution 1244(1999), lOJune 1999, S/RES/1244 (1999). Text available at http //daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/172/89/PDF/ N9917289.pdfPOpenElement, accessed 3 November 2008. 

The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, initialled in Dayton on 21 November 1995 and signed in Paris on 14 December 1995, Annex 4, Art. 3(2)(a). Full text available at http //www.intstudies.cam.ac.uk/centre/cps/ documents bosnia dayton.html, accessed 3 November 2008. See also the Preamble to UN Security Council Resolution 1031 (1995), 15 December 1995, S/RES/1031 (1995). Full text available at http //daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/ 405/26/PDF/N9540526.pdf OpenElement, accessed 3 November 2008. 

E.g., UN Security Council Resolution 876 (1993), 19 October 1993, S/RES/876 (1993), at para. 1 and 1752 (2007), 13 April 2007, S/RES/1752(1007), at para. 1, [rjeaffirms the commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognized borders . Full text available at http //www.unomig.org/data/file/945/071015 SRES 1781.pdf, accessed 3 November 2008. 

UN Security Council Resolution 1393 (2002), 31 January 2002, S/RES/1393 (2002), preamble to and operative paras. 2 and 3. Full text available at http // daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/238/65/PDF/N0223865.pdf Open Element, accessed 3 November 2008. The Boden document has not been published but cf B. Coppieters, The Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict , at 8ff. Full text available at www.ecmi.de/jemie/download/l-2004Chapter5.pdf, accessed 3 November 2008. I owe this reference to Dr Jonathan Wheatley. 

Another view would be to classify this case as one of secession denied, given the strong references to the continued territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in both the Rambouillet Agreement and UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999). However, in view of the provisions invoked here, it was felt more appropriate to list the case under this heading. 

F.J. Prial, U.N. Team Finds Chemical Arms 4 Times Greater than Iraq Claims , The New York Times, 31 July 1991, p.Al V. Graham, U.N. Team Exposes Iraqi Chemical Lie , Washington Times, 31 July 1991, pp.Al, A10. UN Security Council, Resolution 715 , S/RES/715 (11 October 1991), pp.1-2 S. Meisler, U.N. Report 300 Scuds Still Missing , Philadelphia Inquirer, 3 November 1991, p.4 H. Porteous, Ridding Iraq of CW to Take Two Years , JDW, vol.l6, no.l3 (28 September 1991), p.557. 

In this ever-changing world, the smooth interaction between the National Authorities and other stakeholders in the Convention, both from the government and private sectors, is of the essence. There is a need to focus more on the quality of implementation, the involvement at the national level of other agencies, and the coordination of national-implementation measures between all the agencies involved. Such an integrated approach at the national-implementation level can lead to the increased adoption and implementation of non-proliferation and safety-and-security regulations, and of UN Security Council Resolution 1540. 

By identifying women s roles as human rights and peace advocates, this literature also impBcitfy recognized that women might be persecuted due to their political activism. More explicitly, this work influenced the internatiDnal community s commitment to women s increased participation in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in the maintenance and promotion of peace and security as asserted in UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security (2000). 

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