Internal standards plasma emission spectroscopy

ASTM (2002) D1971-02 Standard Practices for Digestion of Water Samples for Determination of Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption, Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, or Plasma Mass Spectrometry. ASTM International. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website www.astm.org. 

Nickel is normally present at very low levels in biological samples. To determine trace nickel levels in these samples accurately, sensitive and selective methods are required. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), with or without preconcentration or separation steps, are the most common methods. These methods have been adopted in standard procedures by EPA, NIOSH, lARC, and the International Union of Pure and Applied... 

An easy calibration strategy is possible in ICP-MS (in analogy to optical emission spectroscopy with an inductively coupled plasma source, ICP-OES) because aqueous standard solutions with well known analyte concentrations can be measured in a short time with good precision. Normally, internal standardization is applied in this calibration procedure, where an internal standard element of the same concentration is added to the standard solutions, the samples and the blank solution. The analytical procedure can then be optimized using the internal standard element. The internal standard element is commonly applied in ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS to account for plasma instabilities, changes in sample transport, short and long term drifts of separation fields of the mass analyzer and other aspects which would lead to errors during mass spectrometric measurements. 

International Standard Organization. 2007. Water quality. Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). ISO 11885. International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20 Switzerland. 

International Organization for Standardization ISO 10540-3, Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils - Determination of Phosphorus Content - Part 3 Method Using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Optical Emission Spectroscopy (2002)... 

The GLC separation of Ge(C2H5)4 from other metal alkyls was described [50, 52, 53] atomic emission spectrometry from a He plasma can be used as the GLC detector [52]. For M(C2H5)4 compounds (M = C to Pb) retention volumes have been compared with boiling points and molar refractions [30, 47]. The Ge content may be determined by polarography after oxygen-flask combustion to Ge02 and dissolution in aqueous alkali [33]. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy can be used for the direct determination of Ge in solutions of Ge(C2H5)4 in dioxane with added arsenic as an internal standard [28]. 

---