Interleukin-6 cytokine family

Dong C Regulation and pro-inflammatory function of interleukin-17 family cytokines. Immunol Rev 2008 226 80-86. 

The production of a female-influencing secretion from the chin gland of male Plethodontid salamander (P. jordani) points to a similar extension of function by the acquisition of female olfactory sensitivity to an intercellular signal protein. Female receptivity is enhanced by a male cytokine-like compound of the interleukin-6 family, in its released form. Rollman et al. (1999) note that pheromonal activity is a previously unrecognised function for cytokines. 

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a member of the gpl30 cytokine family and is con-stitutively produced by several cells of bone microenvironment, particularly by osteoblasts and their precursors (Heymann et al. 2000). The main function in bone is on OCS and bone resorption, and its effects are connected to those of IL-1, TNF-a, and PTHrP. IL-6 induces osteoclastlike formation by inducing IL-1 synthesis, and the addition of anti-IL-1 inhibits osteoclast formation by IL-6 (Kurihara et al. 1990). Moreover, IL-6 mediates the effects of TNF-a and enhances PTHrP-induced hypercalcemia and bone resorption by increasing the osteoclast progenitor pool and differentiation into mature osteoclasts (Devlin et al. 1998). 

Kishimoto T, Akira S, Narazaki M, Taga T. 1995. Interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Blood. 86 1243-1254. 

Zdanov A. 2004. Structural features of the interleukin-10 family of cytokines. Curr Pharm Design. 10- 3873-3884.. 

Cytokines are a heterogenous group of polypeptide mediators that have been associated with activation of numerous functions, including the immune system and inflammatory responses. The cytokine families include, but are not limited to, interleukins, chemokines, tumor necrosis factors, interferons (INF-a, -0, and -y), colony-stimulating factors, growth factors, neuropoietins, and neurotrophins (see Table 13.4). 

Y. Yamasaki, Y. Matsuo, N. Matsuura, H. Onodera, Y. Itoyama, and K. Kogure, Transient Increase of Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant, A Member of the Interleukin-8 Family, in Ischemic Brain Areas After Focal Ischemia in Rats, Stroke, 26 (1995) 318-323. 

Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a recently described member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is now recognized as an important regulator of innate and acquired immune responses. IL-18 is a mediator of inflammation and ischemic tissue injury in many organs. IL-18 is con-stitutively expressed by intercalated cells of the late distal convoluted tubule, fhe connecting tubule, and the collecting duct of the healthy human kidney [229]. It is expressed at sites of chronic inflammation, in autoimmune diseases, in a variety of cancers, and in the... 

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a prototype member of a new cytokine family secreted by activated CD4 and CDS T lymphocytes. It is classified as proinflammatory cytokine, because it induces many mediators of inflammation that are involved in the prohferation, maturation, and chemotaxis of neutrophils. ... 

Chevalier S, Fourcin M, Robledo O, et al. Interleukin-6 family of cytokines induced activation of different functional sites expressed by gpl30 transducing protein. J Biol Chem 1996 271 14764-72. 

Yamasaki, Y., Matsuo, Y., Matsuura, N., Onodera, H., Itoyama, Y., and Kogure, K., Transient increase of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, a member of the interleukin-8 family, in ischaemic brain areas after focal ischaemia in rats, Stroke, 26, 318, 1995. 

PR, AR, GR, MR), thyroid hormone (TRa and j8), and retinoid (RARot, jS, and 7, and RXRa) receptor superfamily of nuclear transcriptional factors (207-210), multiple members of the interleukin cytokine receptor family (211), and subtypes of the glutamate (212) and adenosine (213)receptor families. The importance of access to human cloned receptors continues to be underscored as receptor binding plays an increasingly critical role in modern drug discovery (214). 

Kahn, M.A. and De Vellis, J. (1994) Regulation of an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line by the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Glia 12 87-98. 

Rose, T.M. and Bruce, A.G. (1991) Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 8641-8645.. 

Taga, T., and Kishimoto, T. (1995). Signaling mechanisms through cytokine receptors that share signal transducing receptor components. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 17-23. Taga, T., and Kishimoto, T. (1997). Gpl30 and the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. 

AUmann-lselin 1, Car BD, Zwahlen RD, et al. Bovine ENA, a new monocyte-macrophage derived cytokine of the interleukin-8 family structure, function, and expression in acute pulmonary inflammation. Am J Pathol 1994 145 1382—1389. 

Inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, -4, -5,-11 and -12) constitute a subgroup of the caspase family. Caspase-1 is the best characterized member and is responsible for the proteolytic maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines pro-interleukin (IL)-1 (3 and pro-IL-18. Caspase-1 gets activated in inflammasome complexes upon cellular stress, cellular damage and infection. 

These are supplied by the secretion of peptide molecules (termed cytokines or lymphokines) fiom a subset of the T-cell family (the helper T cells, TH cells). These peptide molecules (interleukins (IL) 2,4,5 and 6) stimulate the B cells to proliferate, undergo clonal expansion and mature into plasma cells which secrete antibody and also into the longer-hving, non-dividing memory cells. 

The term cytokine was first introduced in the mid 1970s. It was applied to polypeptide growth factors controlling the differentiation and regulation of cells of the immune system. The interferons and interleukins represented the major polypeptide families classified as cytokines at that time. Additional classification terms were also introduced, including lymphokines (cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-y, produced by lymphocytes) and monokines (cytokines such as TNF-a, produced by monocytes). However, classification on the basis of producing cell types also proved inappropriate, as most cytokines are produced by a range of cell types (e.g. both lymphocytes and monocytes produce IFN-a). 

---