Interferon Interleukin

Cytokines, eg, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and certain growth factors, could have antitumor activity directiy, or may modulate cellular mechanisms of antitumor activity (2). Cytokines may be used to influence the proliferation and differentiation of T-ceUs, B-ceUs, macrophage—monocyte, myeloid, or other hematopoietic cells. Alternatively, the induction of interferon release may represent an important approach for synthetic—medicinal chemistry, to search for effective antiinflammatory and antifibrotic agents. Inducers of interferon release may also be useful for lepromatous leprosy and chronic granulomatous disease. The potential cytokine and cytokine-related therapeutic approaches to treatment of disease are summarized in Table 4. A combination of cytokines is a feasible modaUty for treatment of immunologically related diseases however, there are dangers inherent in such an approach, as shown by the induction of lethal disserninated intravascular coagulation in mice adrninistered TNF-a and IFN-y. 

Once T cells are activated, they migrate from lymph nodes and the bloodstream into skin and secrete various cytokines (e.g., interferon % interleukin 2 [IL-2]) that induce the pathologic changes of psoriasis. Local keratinocytes and neutrophils are induced to produce other cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-8, and others. 

Many extracellular agents or inducers of cell injury or stress such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), fas ligands, Y-interferon, interleukin-1... 

Iodides, lithium, fluoride, thioamides, aminosalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, amiodarone, perchlorate, ethionamide, thiocyanate, cytokines (interferons, interleukins), bexarotene, etc. 

Erythropoietin Growth factors Human growth hormone Human insulin Interferons Interleukins... 

Cytokine The general term used to describe proteins produced by various immune and inflammatory cells. These proteins act as intercellular chemical signals that help orchestrate immune and inflammatory responses. Common cytokines include the interferons, interleukins, and certain growth factors. 

Induction of autoimmune thyroid disease with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism Interferon-, interleukin-2... 

Potential drugs, such as interferons, interleukins (as well as other lymphokines), growth factors, and plasminogen activators are also being used as diagnostics. They are very sensitive to many diseases, such as hepatitis, herpes, and AIDS. ... 

Albendazole, ag interferon, anti-CD5 antibody, azathioprine, dimercaprol, hycanthone, interferon, interleukin 2, iron dextran, ivermectin, ketoconazole, lansoprazole, metoprolol, nalidixic acid, OKT3, pefloxacin, tiabendazole, zidovudine... 

There are five reported orthodox anticancer immune therapies (Walters, 1993, p. 56). These include BCG, interferon, interleukin-1 or interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor or TNF (necrosis means death), and monoclonal antibodies. The first, BCG (Bacillus Cahnette-Guerin), is described as a tuberculin vaccine that stimulates the body to kill cancer cells, and it has been said that it apparently works best when administered with chemotherapy. (However, BCG has entered into mainstream cancer therapy as a treatment against bladder cancer.) Interferon, a family of proteins, is approved for only two kinds of cancer and may prove to be of limited value in others. Both interferon and the interleukins (another family of proteins) have mainly proved to be disappointments. TNF, produced in minute quantities in the body and otherwise expensive, has achieved some dramatic results on mouse cancer. With... 

The work continues in this general area, leading to such anticancer agents as interferons, interleukins, and TNFs (Moss, 1992, p. 441ff). It has been found that disease-causing virus strains induce TNF in human WBC, and so may the interferons and the interleukins, but the latter, by themselves, have not worked out. This in turn has led to the development of a live virus vaccine called MTH-68N, with encouraging results. 

Finally, biological response modifiers should be mentioned. Immunostimulants, a concept predating this century, are making a modern-day comeback with intensive research of interferons, interleukin, and synthetic polynucleotides. Studies involving interleukin-2 described significant responses in patients with melanoma, colorectal, kidney, and lung cancers. This and other stimulant factors are now in clinical use (see Chapter 15). 

Recombinant drugs, e.g., human insulin, plasminogen activator (tPA), interferons, interleukins, growth factors and others, constitute a steadily growing subset of drugs in the mar-... 

Tissue plasminogen factor Streptokinase Interferon Interleukin-2 Tumor necrosis factor Atrial natriuretic factor Erythropoietin Thymosin a-1... 

Cytokines Polypeptide modulators of cellular functions include interferons, interleukins, and growth stimulating factors... 

Some rDNA-derived pharmaceuticals, particularly the cytokines (e.g., the interferons, interleukin-2, and colony-stimulating factors), require human serum albumin in their formulation to prevent adhesion of the protein drug to the glass surface of the vial, which results in loss of protein (51,52,53). The amount of... 

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