Interaction direction

In the simplest version, a one-component system is simulated at a given temperature T in both boxes particles in different boxes do not interact directly with each other however, volume moves and particle creation and deletion... 

The second area, the implementation of a modem process monitoring and control system, is the most dramatic current appHcation of CAD/CAM technology to the chemical process industry. The state of the art is the use of computer graphics to display the process flow diagram for sections of the process, current operating conditions, and controUer-set points. The process operator can interact directly with the control algorithms through the... 

The promoter proximal elements are usually 100 to 200 base pairs long and relatively close to the site of initiation of transcription. Within each of these elements there are DNA sequences specifically recognized by several different transcription factors which either interact directly with the preinitiation complex or indirectly through other proteins. 

The electron-releasing methoxy group can interact directly to delocalize the charge and stabilize the intermediates leading to o- and p-bromomethoxybenzene. It cannot stabilize... 

The dipoles are shown interacting directly as would be expected. Nevertheless, it must be emphasized that behind the dipole-dipole interactions will be dispersive interactions from the random charge fluctuations that continuously take place on both molecules. In the example given above, the net molecular interaction will be a combination of both dispersive interactions from the fluctuating random charges and polar interactions from forces between the two dipoles. Examples of substances that contain permanent dipoles and can exhibit polar interactions with other molecules are alcohols, esters, ethers, amines, amides, nitriles, etc. 

There are two ways a solute can interact with a stationary phase surface. The solute molecule can interact with the adsorbed solvent layer and rest on the top of it. This is called sorption interaction and occurs when the molecular forces between the solute and the stationary phase are relatively weak compared with the forces between the solvent molecules and the stationary phase. The second type is where the solute molecules displace the solvent molecules from the surface and interact directly with the stationary phase itself. This is called displacement interaction and occurs when the interactive forces between the solute molecules and the stationary phase surface are much stronger than those between the solvent molecules and the stationary phase surface. An example of sorption interaction is shown in Figure 9. 

The second type of interaction, displacement interaction, is depicted in Figure 10. This type of interaction occurs when a strongly polar solute, such as an alcohol, can interact directly with the strongly polar silanol group and displaces the adsorbed solvent layer. Depending on the strength of the interaction between the solute molecules and the silica gel, it may displace the more weakly adsorbed solvent and interact directly with the silica gel but interact with the other solvent layer by sorption. Alternatively, if solute-stationary phase interactions are sufficiently strong, then the solute may displace both solvents and interact directly with the stationary phase surface. 

Where there are multi-layers of solvent, the most polar is the solvent that interacts directly with the silica surface and, consequently, constitutes part of the first layer the second solvent covering the remainder of the surface. Depending on the concentration of the polar solvent, the next layer may be a second layer of the same polar solvent as in the case of ethyl acetate. If, however, the quantity of polar solvent is limited, then the second layer might consist of the less polar component of the solvent mixture. If the mobile phase consists of a ternary mixture of solvents, then the nature of the surface and the solute interactions with the surface can become very complex indeed. In general, the stronger the forces between the solute and the stationary phase itself, the more likely it is to interact by displacement even to the extent of displacing both layers of solvent (one of the alternative processes that is not depicted in Figure 11). Solutes that exhibit weaker forces with the stationary phase are more likely to interact with the surface by sorption. 

The object interacts directly with another relatively massive object. For example, with eveiy fall of a foot, a runner interacts ultimately with the earth, as do automobiles, trains and bicycles. A pitcher pushes against a mound of dirt as he throws a ball, and bullets interact with the gun. 

Why does EDTA cause only 90% inhibition, leaving 10% of the activity intact Buffer solutions usually contain 0.1 1 pM of contaminating Ca2+ when special precaution is not taken, and this concentration is much greater than the molar concentration of luciferase used in the experiments. Thus, one of the possibilities would be that Ca2+ interacts with the molecule of luciferase and can increase the activity of luciferase about 10 times, in spite of the fact that the molecule of luciferase lacks the Ca2+ binding site of EF-hand type (Thompson et al., 1989). Another possibility would be that EDTA interacts directly with the molecules of luciferase, to cause the inhibition. The question remains unresolved. 

Biochemical characterization of clathrin-coated vesicles revealed that their major coat components are clathrin and various types of adaptor complexes. Clathrin assembles in triskelions that consist of three heavy chains of approximately 190 kDa and three light chains of 30 40 kDa. Four types of adaptor complexes have been identified to date, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 and AP-4 (AP for adaptor protein). Whereas AP-1, AP-3 and AP-4 mediate sorting events at the TGN and/or endosomes, AP-2 is involved in endocytosis at the plasma membrane. Each adaptor complex is a hetero-tetrameric protein complex, and the term adaptin was extended to all subunits of these complexes. One complex is composed of two large adaptins (one each of y/a/S/s and [31-4, respectively, 90-130 kDa), one medium adaptin (pi -4, <50 kDa), and one small adaptin (ol-4, <20 kDa). In contrast to AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3, which interact directly with clathrin and are part of the clathrin-coated vesicles, AP-4 seems to be involved in budding of a certain type of non-clathrin-coated vesicles at the TGN. 

There appears to be evidence from certain university laboratories that, although applied magnetic fields do not interact directly with... 

In pure n-heptane or pure chloroform the solute molecules can either interact directly with the surface of the adsorbed solvent or displace the adsorbed solvent and interact directly with the silica surface. In the case of the solvent mixture the solute molecules may interact with the surface of either solvent or displace either solvent and interact directly with the silica surface or any combination of these possibilities. For example some solute molecules might displace the layer of n-heptane and interact directly with the surface. At the same time, those solute molecules striking the layer of chloroform may interact only with the chloroform and not be capable of displacing it, as the molecular forces between the chloroform and the silica gel are greater than the molecular forces between the solute and the silica gel. 

In any separation all the alternatives are possible, but it is more likely that for any particular solute, one type of interaction will dominate. Where there are multi-layers of solvent, the most polar is the solvent that interacts directly with the silica surface, and consequently constitutes the first layer. Depending on the concentration of the polar solvent, the next layer may be a second layer of the same polar solvent as in the case of ethyl acetate. If, however, the quantity of polar... 

Solute interacting directly with layer of solvent (A) SORPTION... 

There are relatively few phase equilibrium data relating to concentrated polymer solutions containing several solvents. Nevertheless, In polymer devolatilization, such cases are often of prime Interest. One of the complicating features of such cases Is that. In many Instances, one of the solvents preferentially solvates the polymer molecules, partially excluding the other solvents from Interaction directly with the polymer molecules. This phenomenon Is known as "gathering". 

A theory of three-orbital interactions [17-20] is helpful to understand and design molecules and reactions. The orthogonal atomic, bond, or molecular orbitals and are both assumed to interact with a perturbing orbital (j). The orbitals and cannot interact directly but do so indirectly or mix with each other through (j). Orbital... 

Treatment of bovine heart bci complex with ethoxyformic anhydride (EFA), which is known to modify amino acid residues covalently (preferentially histidine residues), inhibits electron transfer and has an effect on the EPR spectra of the Rieske cluster comparable to that observed upon addition of stigmatellin, that is, a decrease in rhombicity (80). This further supports the suggestion that quinones as well as quinonoid inhibitors interact directly with the histidine ligands of the Rieske cluster. 

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