Directed Organic Interactions

Analyses of packing in crystals have, in many cases, shown that there are directional preferences of binding. The nature of this directionality appears to depend on the partial charges developed on the interacting atoms. Some examples will now be described. 

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Adaptor proteins are, above aU, important elements for controlling the subceUular organization of Tyr and Ser phosphorylation events. Thus, many adaptor proteins contain PTB or SH2 domains that direct specific interactions with autophosphorylation sites on an activated receptor. 

Diketones and crown-ethers (Sec. 2.2.4.4) are among the most frequently used Om-donors. For obtaining (3-diketonates by direct (immediate) interaction, the reactions of the examined ligands and metal salts in aqueous or aqua-organic solutions are used (3.36) [23 and references therein] ... 

Inorganic mechanisms for the formation of ferromanganese nodules and crusts imply that it should be theoretically possible to form nodules in marine and freshwater environments without the aid of organisms. However, organic interactions could accelerate nodule formation in a number of direct... 

R.D. Vinebrook, P.R. Leavitt (1998). Direct and interactive effects of allochthonous dissolved organic matter, inorganic nutrients, and ultraviolet radiation on an alpine littoral food web. Limnol. Oceanogr., 43,1065-1081. 

The most detailed studies on the mechanisms of interaction have been directed to interactions between hypothetical structures of humic material and xenobiotics such as phenols, aromatic amines, and carboxylic acids two essentially different mechanisms for binding of xenobiotics to organic components of solid matrices have been considered. They are (1) chemical reaction between the xenobiotic and functional groups on the humus structure and (2) biologically mediated reactions of incorporation which merit attention as representing plausible models particularly in the terrestrial environment. 

In this chapter, we will show how the concept of template-directed organic synthesis has expanded so that now metal-ligand binding, hydrogen bonding, n-n interactions, and covalent bonding can all be exploited to allow the synthesis of molecules with a remarkable degree of control. Several detailed reviews of molecular templates have been published [14-20]. This chapter explores the definition and classification of molecular templates and discusses how their performance can be quantified and optimized. 

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