Inter-model control

If local and remote process elements are connected by control flows, feedback flows, or data flows, we model interaction relationships between the coupled organizations on the cooperation layer. Interaction relationships resemble situations where control flow or data are transferred between processes. For example, local tasks can be restricted to start only after some remote tasks have terminated by inter-process control flows. This allows interweaving different processes in the sense that the processes are executed in parallel while they are loosely coupled at the same time. 

A general treatment of a diffusion-controlled growth of a stoichiometric intermetallic in reaction between two two-phase alloys has been introduced by Paul et al. (2006). A reaction couple in which a layer of Co2Si is formed during inter-diffusion from its adjacent saturated phases was used as a model system. In the discussion it has been emphasized that the diffusion couple is undoubtedly one of the most efficient and versatile techniques in solid-state science it is therefore desirable to have alternative theories that enable us to deduce the highest possible amount of information from the data that are relatively easily attainable in this type of experiments. 

In the fluid-bed granulation process, moisture control is the key parameter that needs to be controlled. Faure et al. (133) have used process control for scale-up of a fluidized bed process. They used infra-red probes to monitor moisture. As there are normally large numbers of inter-related variables, they used computerized techniques for process control, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and models based on experimental techniques. 

A small set of economists and psychologists has over the years proposed formal models of time-inconsistent preferences and self-control problems.8 Edmund S- Phelps and Robert A. Poliak (1968) put forward an elegant model of intertemporal preferences in the context of inter-generational altruism, which David Laibson (1994a) later used to capture self-control problems within individuals.9 If ut is the instantaneous utility people get in period x, then their intertemporal preferences at time f, U, can be represented by the following utility function ... 

Investigating 2D self-assembly at the molecular level provides new insight into complex inter molecular interactions. These model studies are usually performed under well-defined conditions in order to have more control on complicated surface processes [13]. This includes single-crystal substrates which allow the application of diffraction techniques. 

Discrepancies between different researchers derive from the character inter-or intramolecular of the interactions presumably controlling the reactive conformation. Thus, in most of the cases, the population of the different rotamers in the sulfinylated substrate (only governed by intramolecular interactions) is the only factor considered for explaining the observed 7r-facial selectivity. This explanation (static conformational polarization) was formulated by Koizumi and used by many authors to justify the behavior of vinyl sulfoxides acting as dienophiles and dipolarophiles. A second explanation assumes that the interactions of the two reagents in the transition states determine a different reactivity of the rotamers around the C-S bond. This intermolecular factor can become the most important one in the control of the 7r-facial selectivity of the cycloadditions, and therefore the tendency expected from conformational stability criteria was not observed in those cases where the most reactive conformation is not the most populated one. This dynamic conformational polarization has been used just to explain some of the results obtained for sulfinyl quinones and sulfinyl dienes (unexplainable with the above model) but it can be applied to many other cases. 

Any transfer of electrons giving rise to changes of semiconductivity during chemisorption must be controlled, inter alia, by the concentration of electrons or holes available in the semi-conductor. The boundary-layer theory of chemisorption 65) is built within the framework of this entirely physical model of the chemisorption act. The gas being adsorbed is represented solely as a donor or acceptor of electrons the adsorbent is represented as a conventional semiconductor with a given concentration of ionized donor or acceptor centers and whose ability to participate in chemisorption is otherwise uniquely determined by the height of the Fermi level. 

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