Computerized techniques

The decision to develop in-house or buy a tool or technique may arise as awareness of the opportunities in a business increases. Off-the-shelf products are more popular as the development of tools and techniques is very time consuming and labour intensive. A generally expressed desire is to use computerized techniques for easier documentation and design reuse. However, it should be noted that a paper-based... 

In the fluid-bed granulation process, moisture control is the key parameter that needs to be controlled. Faure et al. (133) have used process control for scale-up of a fluidized bed process. They used infra-red probes to monitor moisture. As there are normally large numbers of inter-related variables, they used computerized techniques for process control, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and models based on experimental techniques. 

This chapter is devoted to a discussion of some new methods (particularly those based on computerized techniques) for research and control of the physical and chemical processes that occur dur-... 

Molecular modeling can be considered as a range of computerized techniques based on theoretical chemistry methods and experimental data that can be used either to analyze molecules and molecular systems or to predict molecular, chemical, and biochemical properties (Holtje and Folkeis, 1997 Leach, 1996 Schlecht, 1998). It serves as a bridge between theory and experiment to ... 

Application of Raman spectroscopy to a study of catalyst surfaces is increasing. Until recently, this technique had been limited to observing distortions in adsorbed organic molecules by the appearance of forbidden Raman bands and giant Raman effects of silver surfaces with chemisorbed species. However, the development of laser Raman instrumentation and modern computerization techniques for control and data reduction have expanded these applications to studies of acid sites and oxide structures. For example The oxidation-reduction cycle occurring in bismuth molybdate catalysts for oxidation of ammonia and propylene to acrylonitrile has been studied in situ by this technique. And new and valuable information on the interaction of oxides, such as tungsten oxide and cerium oxide, with the surface of an alumina support, has been obtained. 

A better way to obtain the information we seek is to use chemical literature databases. Several such databases exist. These resources can be used for retrospective searches of mentions of any given program, vendor, method, or other term. It is also highly fitting to use a computerized technique (database searching) in our study of computational chemistry. 

The Project Manager wearing the estimator s hat is not expected to prepare definitive or engineering estimates nor to use computerized techniques, but is expected to ... 

The equilibrium constant K varies somewhat with changes in environmental temperature and pressure, as indicated in Fig. 1-9 for several common environmental reactions. Equilibrium constants are known for a wide variety of reactions and form the basis (when combined with mass balance and electroneutrality equations as described later) for both manual and computerized techniques for determining the equilibrium composition of many complex mixtures of chemicals in surface waters and groundwater (Stumm and Morgan, 1996 Morel and Hering, 1993). 

Although many groundwater hydrologists customarily employ computerized techniques for analyzing groundwater flow problems, it is valuable for the student of groundwater transport to be able to draw and interpret flow nets. To draw a flow net, the following rules must be observed ... 

A model procedure recommended for the determination of the precision (and of the sensitivity and detection limit) of spectrophotometric methods, based on experimental data and lUPAC recommendations has been developed [30], and the analysis of errors occurring in determinations of mixture components by means of modem computerized techniques, has been published [31,32]. 

I believe the computer and computerized techniques will come into prominence as a sales aid in the 70 s—with its proper application being, for example, to advise when to and when not to sell direct and which areas to emphasize. Utilization of computer-generated data by competition will prove a strong challenge to the domestic plastics sales organization in the 70,s. Skilled programming of computers can provide in short time periods your complete costs of solicitation in one area vs. another, which are the most profitable areas, which are the least profitable, and what variable can influence each of these. 

This test, by computerized techniques, measures how much side vision a person has. 

This is a relatively brief and inexpensive book that comments on the general incident investigation process, and on several investigation and analytical techniques, such as Events and Causal Factors Analysis Change Analysis Tree Analysis and Specialized Computerized Techniques. 

Temperature-programmed thermal analyses (TA, TGA, DSC) in general and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in particular offer rapid, automated and computerized techniques for characterizing reactive materials. 

Capacity requirement planning (CRP) It is a computerized technique to predict resource requirements of all available workstations (also see RCCP). RCCP balances workloads at a high level, CRP will then fine tune the workload balance. 

Computerized techniques are sometimes employed for cost/performance evaluations. The particle shape, size and distribution, oil absorption, dispersibilty and impurities of fillers affect its performance. Use of fillers with fine particle size and a refractive index closer to PVC results in the least reduction of clarity. Surface gloss decreases with coarse types and higher loadings cause whitening. Surface treated fillers are more easily dispersed. The presence of heavy metal impurities such as iron or zinc are avoided since they cause thermal degradation of PVC. 

To calculate the equilibrium chemical composition of a system, equations based on mass conservation, the mass action law, and electroneutrality are sufficient. Note that the electroneutrality equation may not be needed if a system does not contain significant concentrations of ionic reactants or products. Both manual and computerized techniques for determining the equilibrium composition of many complex mixtures of chemicals in water are based on the simultaneous solution of these equations. 

The purpose of X-ray analysis of crystal stmctures is to provide information on the positions of the individual atoms of a molecule, their interatomic distances, bond angles, and other features of molecular geometry such as the planarity of a particular group of atoms, the angles between the planes, and torsion angles around the bonds. The resulting three-dimensional representation of the atomic contents, rapidly determined by modern computerized techniques, of the crystal establishes the complete conformational stfucture and geometrical details hitherto unknown. 

The apparent disadvantages of X-ray analysis is that it is time consuming even with the use of automated computerized techniques. Further-more, X-ray analysis can only be carried out on pure crystalline materials. The crystals must be a certain size and regularity in order that a good X-ray structure of the compound is obtained. 

Numerical data are reported in the units used by the original authors, and they are converted to common units only when comparisons are being made. The successful format of earlier volumes is retained to facilitate tracing progress over several years in a particular topic, and the series now permits this to be done for a twelve-year period. The introduction three volumes ago of computerized techniques to improve cross-referencing in the Index brought positive reader comments, and their use is being continued. 

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