Intensity coding

Further experimental evidence for the involvement of SP in pain perception came from knock-out animals. Mice, in which the preprotachykinin A gene was disrupted, showed significantly reduced responses in tests that involved more intense noxious stimuli (Cao et al., 1998). De Felipe et al. (1998) disrupted the N receptor, and found the characteristic amplification ( wind up ) and intensity coding of nociceptive reflexes to be absent. NK receptor knockout mice show no changes in acute nociception tests. In contrast, SP and NKi receptor knock-out mice show reduction in responses to inflammatory stimuli. Nerve injury-induced mechanical but not thermal hyperalgesia is attenuated in NKi receptor knock-out mice, when inducing chronic neuropathic pain by unilateral ligation of the L5 spinal nerve (Mansikka et al., 2000). 

Coupling channels. In multichannel systems, a coupling channel is used as the equivalent to an n-channel intensity stereo system. This system is also known under the names dynamic crosstalk or generalized intensity coding. Instead of n different channels, for part of the spectrum only one channel with added intensity information is transmitted. Coupling channels are used in AC-3 ([Fielder et al., 1996]) and MPEG-2 AAC ([Johnston et ah, 1996]). 

Intensity Coding/Coupling. The intensity coding/coupling tool combines channel pairs or multiple channels and transmits only a single channel plus directional information for parts of the spectrum. 

Figure 6 Absolute value S( 22, 2i) of 2D infrared photon echo signal for models A-F. (The different panels have different intensity codes. Light gray is zero and maximum value is dark gray.)...

Av-Ron, E., Vibert, J.F. A model for temporal and intensity coding in insect olfaction by a network of inhibitory neurons. Biosystems 39, 241-250 (1996)... 

Fig. 9. (a) Schematic diagram explaining dehnition of average electric field intensities ( )code ( )env their graphical representations in each calculation model. 

The multiplicity (10-12) of different, nonoverlapping emission colors of q-dots inside beads as well as multiple intensity codes provides an enormous potential for multiplexing applications. 

Intensive data reduction is an efficient inetl iod of managing large datasets. Generally, hasl i codes are used within chemical information processes such as molecule identification and recognition of identical atoms [9S]. 

The 3D MoRSE code is closely related to the molecular transform. The molecular transform is a generalized scattering function. It can be used to predict the intensity of the scattered radiation i for a known molecular structure in X-ray and electron diffraction experiments. The general molecular transform is given by Eq. (22), where i(s) is the intensity of the scattered radiation caused by a collection of N atoms located at points r. ... 

ZINDO is an adaptation of INDO speciflcally for predicting electronic excitations. The proper acronym for ZINDO is INDO/S (spectroscopic INDO), but the ZINDO moniker is more commonly used. ZINDO has been fairly successful in modeling electronic excited states. Some of the codes incorporated in ZINDO include transition-dipole moment computation so that peak intensities as well as wave lengths can be computed. ZINDO generally does poorly for geometry optimization. 

Consumer Products. Laser-based products have emerged from the laboratories and become familiar products used by many millions of people in everyday circumstances. Examples include the supermarket scaimer, the laser printer, and the compact disk. The supermarket scanner has become a familiar fixture at the point of sale in stores. The beam from a laser is scaimed across the bar-code marking that identifies a product, and the pattern of varying reflected light intensity is detected and interpreted by a computer to identify the product. Then the information is printed on the sales sHp. The use of the scanner can speed checkout from places like supermarkets. The scanners have usually been helium—neon lasers, but visible semiconductor lasers may take an impact in this appHcation. 

As a second example, results from a TOP ERDA measurement for a multi-element sample are shown in Fig. 3.65 [3.171]. The sample consists of different metal-metal oxide layers on a boron silicate glass. The projectiles are 120-MeV Kr ions. It can be seen that many different recoil ions can be separated from the most intense line, produced by the scattered projectiles. Figure 3.66 shows the energy spectra for O and Al recoils calculated from the measured TOF spectra, together with simulated spectra using the SIMNRA code. The concentration and thickness of the O and Al layers are obtained from the simulations. 

Interest in superoxide dismutase has increased in recent years with the discovery that a mutation in the gene coding for SOD is linked to certain types of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as Lou Gehrig s disease. Exactly how mutant forms of SOD are involved in ALS is a subject of intense research. 

Figure 3.15. SMALDI image of a pine tree root, acquired at 262 nm wavelength. High ion intensities of potassium/calcium are coded in white, low intensities are coded in black. (Spengler and Hubert 2002.)...

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