Intemodal

Inabenfide. [4-Chloro-2-(a-hydroxybenzyl)]-isonicotonanilide) [82211 -24-3] (Inabenfide) (32) is not for use in the United States, but is used in other countries to inhibit the growth of rice plants. The compound is appHed to the soil 40—60 days prior to the heading up of plants, where it is absorbed through the roots and translocated throughout the stem. It inhibits the elongation of the lower intemodes and this stops lodging. It is extremely toxic to fish. 

When such contaminated flour enters trade channels, either as such or in the form of prepared products, the finding of hair fragments is highly significant. Whether they may have come from the flour or have originated in a bakery or factory does not lessen their repugnance to the consumer. Recovered hairs are identified by means of their several characteristics. Some of the more salient are conspicuous intemodes and compound medulla of rat hairs, inconspicuous intemodes and smooth continuous medulla of cat hair, and differences discernible after treatment with 10% sodium hydroxide and after treatment with hypochlorite. 

Fig. 1. Elongation rate of stem intemode 12 (A), silks (A), leaf 8 ( ), and nodal roots (O) of maize at various water potentials. Elongation rates are the average per hour for 24 h of growth in a controlled environment chamber. Water potentials were measured in the growing region of each organ in the same plants. Samples were taken immediately after the growth period when the plants had been in the dark for the last 10 h. Each point is from a single plant. Modified from Westgate Boyer (1985a).

The master thread performs all the intemode communication using MPI. Only the action of the kinetic energy operators, Tr and Tr implemented with the DFFD approach, require such communication. While the master thread is executing the communication part and storing its results in hpsbuff, other threads perform local work storing results in the main array hps local. The use of the two separate arrays is needed to avoid having to synchronize the threads. Moreover, if the communication part finishes before the local part, the master thread joins the other threads in the computation of the local part. 

Such a study has been performed on a model plant system, the Nitella flexilis cell wall [1, 2, 3]. This freshwater alga has giant intemodal cells whose easily isolated cell walls constitute a simplified model of higher plant cell walls it has no lignin and its pectin is not methylesterified. Isolated cell walls are cut in pieces and distributed in different lots over the whole exchange isotherm to reduce variability between experimental points. 

Figure 13.3 Route of excitation and conduction in the heart. The heart beat is initiated in the sinoatrial (SA) node, or the pacemaker, in the right atrium of the heart. The electrical impulse is transmitted to the left atrium through the interatrial conduction pathway and to the atrioventricular (AV) node through the intemodal pathway. From the AV node, the electrical impulse enters the ventricles and is conducted through the AV bundle, the left and right bundle branches, and, finally, the Purkinje fibers, which terminate on the true cardiac muscle cells of the ventricles.

Van der Schoot C, van Bel AJC. Mapping membrane potential differences and dye coupling in intemodal tissues of tomato. Planta 1990 182 9-21. 

Wasteneys GO, Collings DA, Gunning BES, Hepler PK, Menzel D. Actin in living and fixed characean intemodal cells identification of a cortical array of fine strands and chloroplast actin rings. Protoplasma 1996 190 25-38. 

Deepwater rice Expansion and intemode growth Cho and Kende (7)... 

Cho HT, Kende H. Expansions and intemodal growth of deepwater rice. Plant Physiol 1997 113 1145-1151. 

FIGURE 12-16 Average weight of all needle fasddes retained in 1973 per intemode in filtered or unfiltered (ambient) air greenhouses, and an outside ambient-air treatment after treatment since 1968. Reprinted with permission from Kickert et al. ... 

According to Claude Bernard the action of anesthetics is very general. They react not only with animals but also with plants. Bose has found that plants anesthetized with ether go through a preliminary period of increased irritability or stimulation. A dilute alcohol solution acted as a stimulant, whereas a concentrated alcohol solution acted as a depressant. Nichols applied chloroform to the wall of an intemode of Nitella by means of a capillary pipette. An area of non-motile protoplasm was produced at the point of application of the anesthetic. This area of non-motile protoplasm resumed its movements later, so the process appears to be a reversible one. Nichols considers the effect to be due to gelation, thus providing us with a case of reversible coagulation in plants accompanied by anesthesia of the part affected. 

Internode elongation = log ( height of 1st intemode treated — height of 1st intemode control)... 

Figure 2 shows the elongation of the first intemode of dwarf 5 (B) and the calculated changes in level of gibberellin-like substances (C) in relation to sprouting (A). The data of Figure 2, C, show that the level of endogenous gibberellins...

The most pronounced intemode elongation occurred on plants treated with the butyl Cellosolve ester of GA3. No growth promotion was observed with either... 

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