Intelligent material applications

Several protein assemblies have successfully been fabricated on the solid surfaces sifter the bioinformation transduction. These include the following molecular systems molecularly interfaced redox enzymes on the electrode surfaces, calmodulin / protein hybrides, and ordered antibody array on protein A. These protein assemblies find a wider application in various fields such as biosensors, bioreactors, and intelligent materials. 

Refs. [i] Rodriguez I Grande H-J, Otero TF (1997) Polypyrroles from basic research to technological applications. In Nalwa HS (ed) Handbook of organic conductive molecules and polymers. Wiley, Chichester [ii] Wallace GG, Spinks GM, Kane-Maguire LAP, Teasdale, PR (2002) Conductive electroactive polymers intelligent materials systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton... 

Basic requirements for active and intelligent materials have been set in the Framework Regulation. However, some issues need further clarification. The main issues are the applicability of the requirements of the plastics directive to active and intelligent plastic materials, especially compliance with overall and specific migration limits, rules for non-plastic active and intelligent materials, risk assessment of active ingredients and if necessary conditions/restriction of their use, and mles on the efficacy of the materials in relation to instructions for their use and protection of the consumer. 

In 2004 a new framework Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 applicable to all materials intended to come into contact with foods was accepted. In this regulation, general requirements applicable to all food contact materials (FCM) are established. Specific provisions are included to allow the use of active and intelligent materials and articles, and a specific measure on active and intelligent materials was announced. In order to define the scope of... 

If required in a specific measure, then relevant food contact materials (FCM) shall be accompanied with a declaration of compliance, while appropriate documents shall be provided to relevant authorities to demonstrate such compliance. As most of the requirements in the framework regulation are applicable to all FCM, active and intelligent materials are subject to these rules as they can be considered FCM. In some cases there may be no direct contact with the food, e.g., intelligent packaging positioned on the outside of the primary package, but they are subject to the framework regulation for the reliability of the information provided to the consumer. 

Chen, N. Zhu, D.D. Wang, W. Intelligent materials processing by hyperspace data mining. Engng. Applic. Artif. Intell. 2000, 13, 527-532. 

Molecular materials of interest for applications, molecular functional or intelligent materials, are materials that respond in a qualitatively different way to different inputs non-linearity is the qualifying property for functional behavior. Delocalized electrons are an obvious source of non-linearity [6] interesting classes of materials then involve, to cite a few, charge-transfer (CT) complexes and salts, materials based on TT-conjugated molecules or polymers, inorganic complexes, and so on. 

The state of the art is such that an understanding of these processes is now well established, and an exciting fertile field lies before intelligent material research scientists. We can, by design, control the chemical and electrical properties of conducting polymers at the point of assembly. How these properties are likely to vary as a result of application of external stimuli can also be manipulated by the synthesis process. 

No matter what definition we employ, the underlying feature that differentiates intelligent materials from more conventional ones is their dynamic character. Without such character, there can be no intelligence. However, this character must be controllable, and the time frame within which it responds must be appropriate if truly intelligent behavior is to be realized. If it is too slow, it may have no practical application. If it is too fast, it may be useless, or even dangerous. 

In pursuing the development of intelligent materials, it is impossible to ignore the shorter-term opportunities that are available for applications of CEPs. The science is such that a better understanding of dynamic materials has been obtained, and this has been used to advantage in the development of new and improved products. 

Seim, B., et al., 2010. Polymeric optical fiber fabrics for illumination and sensorial applications in textiles. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 21 (11), 1061—1071. Available at http //jim.sagepub.eom/cgi/doi/10.1177/1045389X10377676 (accessed 22.09.14.). 

The abihty of CPs to recognize particular stimuli and respond is determined by the chemical properties of the resultant structure. Moreover, these properties determine how the conducting polymer interacts with other materials in the construction of composite intelligent material stmctures. The dynamic nature of these chemical properties is important. For example, G. Wallace and coworkers have shown that the affinity for particular antibody molecules can be altered by the application of electrical stimuli [138]. In... 

Conducting polymers have been demonstrated to be usable as dynamic, intelligent membrane systems. The unique electrochemical properties enable extern stimuli to be used to turn transport on and off, to tune the selectivity and the rate of transport. This technology is now being developed for numerous applications and as the basis of Intelligent Material Structures. 

The work summarized in this article relates to some of the most exciting areas of supramolecular chemistry. The interdependence of electron-transfer reactions with supramolecular interactions is at the core of the development of switchable molecular devices. Furthermore, research in areas of supramolecular electrochemistry may open the way for technological applications such as responsive (intelligent) materials. A possible impact in the field of electrochemical sensors is also readily visualized from the work described here. 

X.J. Ju, et al.. Biodegradable intelligent materials in response to chemical stimuli for biomedical applications, Expert Opin. Ther. PaL 19 (5) (2009) 683-696. 

The extension of these DA-hased polymerizations to multi-functional furan and/or maleimide monomers naturally leads to crosslinked materials, whose original feature is related to the fact that they can be readily decrosslinked by a simple thermal treatment. Since the first report of a mendable material based on this principle, but applied in cycles [69], several similar studies have appeared in the literature [64] including interesting applications in the realm of thermally removable foams [64] and adhesives [64]. It seems likely that such a simple and useful strategy will continue to draw attention for the preparation of novel intelligent materials. 

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