Function, molecular

One of the most important molecular functions of p53 is therefore to act as an activator of p21 transcription. The wild-type protein binds to specific DNA sequences, whereas tumor-derived p53 mutants are defective in sequence-specific DNA binding and consequently cannot activate the transcription of p5 3-con trolled genes. As we will see more than half of the over one thousand different mutations found in p53 involve amino acids which are directly or indirectly associated with DNA binding. 

Nondestructive identification of the molecular functional groups present at surfaces... 

In contemporary societies replete with various industries and automobiles, NO (NO, N02, and N03) has been recognized to be one of the important factors responsible for air pollution. Only two decades ago, NO was found to be an essential molecule that regulates cellular/molecular functions in mammals. NO is also enzymatically synthesized in nonmammals, invertebrates, and yeasts. Therefore, the origin of NO may date back to the birth of life arising from single cell organisms living around 3-billion years ago. 

As illustrated in Fig. 2, these complexes are likely dimeric. Curiously, only when in TORC1 is TOR/mTOR bound and inhibited by the rapamycin-FKBP12 complex. Rapamycin has been an incredibly important tool to dissect the molecular function of TORC1/mTORCl and as outlined below, rapamycin and related derivatives have ever-increasing clinical potential. No small molecule inhibitor of TORC2/mTORC2 has been identified and consequently understood the functions of this complex is relatively less well developed. 

A specific role for vitamin E in a required metabolic function has not been found. In addition to its direct antioxidant effects, a-tocopherol has been reported to have specific molecular functions. 

NONADIABATIC CHEMICAL DYNAMICS COMPREHENSION AND CONTROL OF DYNAMICS, AND MANIFESTATION OF MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS... 

Nonadiabatic transitions definitely play crucial roles for molecules to manifest various functions. The theory of nonadiabatic transition is very helpful not only to comprehend the mechanisms, but also to design new molecular functions and enhance their efficiencies. The photochromism that is expected to be applicable to molecular switches and memories is a good example [130]. Photoisomerization of retinal is well known to be a basic mechanism of vision. In these processes, the NT type of nonadiabatic transitions play essential roles. There must be many other similar examples. Utilization of the complete reflection phenomenon can also be another candidate, as discussed in Section V.C. In this section, the following two examples are cosidered (1) photochromism due to photoisomerization between cyclohexadiene (CHD) and hexatriene (HT) as an example of photoswitching molecular functions, and (2) hydrogen transmission through a five-membered carbon ring. 

The author would like to thank all the group members in the past and present who carried out all the researches discussed in this chapter Drs. C. Zhu, G. V. Mil nikov, Y. Teranishi, K. Nagaya, A. Kondorskiy, H. Fujisaki, S. Zou, H. Tamura, and P. Oloyede. He is indebted to Professors S. Nanbu and T. Ishida for their contributions, especially on molecular functions and electronic structure calculations. He also thanks Professor Y. Zhao for his work on the nonadiabatic transition state theory and electron transfer. The work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research on Studies of Nonadiabatic Chemical Dynamics based on the Zhu-Nakamura Theory from MEXT of Japan. 

Nonadiabatic Chemical Dynamics Comprehension and Control OF Dynamics, and Manifestation of Molecular Functions By Hiroki Nakamura... 

Fig. 59. Molecular modification of semiconductor silicon surfaces. Removal of the oxide generates a hydrogen-terminated layer that reacts with a range of molecular functional groups including alkenes. 

FIGURE 24.6 Model of the molecular function of CBP. CBP moves in the cytosol and relays carotenoid in combination with the lipophorin in the hemolymph. At the membrane, other factors might be involved in the carotenoid transport (magnification, see the text for explanation). 

This chapter first discusses basic structural principles relating to the main classes of glycoconjugates in order to assist understanding of nematode structures. It then focuses on a selection of parasitic nematodes where detailed structural data on glycoconjugates have been obtained in recent years and where this structural information is starting to provide insights into possible molecular functions. 

Floderus, Y., Shoolingin-Jordan, R M. and Harper, P. Acute intermittent porphyria in Sweden. Molecular, functional and clinical consequences of some new mutations found in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene. Clin. Genet. 62 288-297, 2002. 

Joly, C., Gomeza, J., Brabet, I., Curry, K., Bockaert, J., and Pin, J.-P. (1995) Molecular, functional, and pharmacological characterization of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 splice variants comparison with mGluRl../. Neurosci. 15, 3970-3981. 

In this chapter, it will be described how we have utilized endogenous and engineered Zn2+ binding sites to explore the structure and molecular function of Na+/Cl -depen-dent neurotransmitter transporters. The work has not only allowed the definition of the first structural constraints in the tertiary structure of this class of transporters, but also provided new insight into both conformational changes accompanying substrate translocation and mechanisms governing conformational isomerization in the translocation cycle. In the chapter, we will also review the theoretical and practical basis for... 

The highly oriented molecules in thin organic films such as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and self-assembled monolayers (SAM) [1] are essential for some molecular functions. Non linear optical and opto-electronic properties are two of the most important and interesting functions of these molecular assemblies. In the past more than thirteen years, simulation of the primary process of photosynthesis using such molecular assemblies and its application to molecular photodiodes [2,3] have been one of the main subjects of our laboratory. 

Concept Synthetic approaches to crystal targets will not, in general, be reliable if the design strategy involves independent manipulations of molecular functionality. This condition arises because the recognition between molecules, which precedes crystallization, is necessarily complementary. Yet, correspondences between molecular... 

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