Passive integrated device

Many of these steps include CVD, and CVD is now a major process in the fabrication of monolithic integrated circuits (IC), custom and semi-custom ASIC s, active discrete devices, transistors, diodes, passive devices and networks, hybrid IC s, opto-elec-tronic devices, energy-conversion devices, and microwave devices. 

Ockenden, W.A. Sweetman, A.J. Prest, H.E Steinnes, E. Jones, K.C. 1998b, Toward an understanding of the global atmospheric distribution of persistent organic pollutants The use of semipermeable membrane devices as time-integrated passive samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 2795-2803. 

SixNy and SiOx are commonly used as passivation layers [40]. It is known from experience with integrated circuit devices that alkali cations (e.g., sodium) diffuse into SiOx [41], which may be the origin of reliability problems that occur during operation at high temperatures and high voltages. In addition, SixNy shows higher resistance to humidity. Therefore, SixNy is superior to SiOx as a passivation layer. The thickness is typically 300-600 nm. 

R. J. Zavrel Jr., S. Bantas, S. A. Helic, R. Wood. Integration of silicon with passive devices yields advantages in wireless design. High Frequency Electronics, May 2003, pp. 56-61. 

Barium titanate. The continuous miniaturization of integrated electronic devices forces to manufacture active and passive components of smaller size, including multilayer capacitors (MLCCs) [285,286]. This accounts for a significant breakthrough in the synthesis of ultrafine BaTiOs powders in recent years [287]. 

The other axis of the matrix (Fig. 11-3) evaluates the manner in which the energy control is integrated into the system (for example, design, passive device that provides protection automatically, active safety device that requires application or activation by the user or operator, or warning device only). 

Passive devices (fully automatic) the safety mechanism is integral to the device design, requiring no any additional actions by the user to activate the safety feature. For example, self-sheathing needle. 

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