Insulin controlled-release micropump

The controlled-release micropump (Figure 2) is a recently invented device that uses the principles of membrane transport and controlled release of drugs to deliver insulin at variable rates (20,26). With a suitable supply of insulin connected to the pump, the concentration and/or pressure difference across the membrane results in diffusion or bulk transport through the membrane ). This process is the basal delivery and requires no external power source. Augmented delivery is achieved by repeated compression of the foam membrane by the coated mild-steel piston. The piston is the core of the solenoid, and compression is effected when current is applied to the solenoid coil. Interruption of the current causes the membrane to relax, drawing more drug into the membrane in preparation for the next compression cycle. 

Care had to be taken to fill the micropump with liquid since the presence of air bubbles in any of the lines would reduce the delivery rate. The portion of the pump below the membrane was filled with insulin-free phosphate buffered saline containing 0.5% (w/v) m-cresol (a preservative) via a tube connected to the pump outlet. When this portion was full, the membrane was laid onto the membrane support portion of the chamber, and the upper half of the chamber was reconnected to the controlled-release micropump. The upper half of the chamber constituted the 1-cm3 upstream reservoir for these experiments and was filled with radioactive feed solution through a needle inserted horizontally into the side of the membrane chamber. The top of the chamber was connected to a plastic three-way valve using the appropriate Luer-lok connections to permit filling. The valve was turned to seal the chamber and eliminate the pressure difference before the experiment. One of the ports of the valve was used... 

Insulin deposition in the controlled-release micropump is not expected to be important. While it was significant in one of the prototypes (Figure 4), changing the rate-controlling membrane from a hydrophobic polycarbonate filter to a hydrophilic Cuprophane or cellulose acetate membrane has apparently eliminated the problem. Although the situation may be different as longer-term experiments are performed, presumably the problems that may arise may relate more to the biological stability of the insulin reservoir than to insulin deposition. 

A number of concerns regarding open-loop delivery of insulin in general, and delivery of insulin by the controlled-release micropump, in particular, remain to be resolved. The optimum site of insulin delivery (intravenous... 

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