Instrumentation excitation sources

Precision When the analyte s concentration is well above the detection limit, the relative standard deviation for fluorescence is usually 0.5-2%. The limiting instrumental factor affecting precision is the stability of the excitation source. The precision for phosphorescence is often limited by reproducibility in preparing samples for analysis, with relative standard deviations of 5-10% being common. 

The analysis was performed by XRF method with SR. SRXRF is an instrumental, multielemental, non-destructive analytical method using synchrotron radiation as primary excitation source. The fluorescence radiation was measured on the XRF beam-line of VEPP-3 (E=2 GeV, 1=100 mA), Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia. For quality control were used international reference standards. 

D. of lead in brass by, 770 direct reading instruments, 775, 776 electrodes for, 763, 771 equipment for, 760, 764 excitation sources for, 763, 773, 774 general discussion of, 8, 758 internal standard method, 769 investign. of a complex inorganic mixture, 770... 

The first successful application of the continuous wave (CW) He-Ne gas laser as a Raman excitation source by Kogelnik and Porto (14) was reported in 1963. Since that time, significant improvements in instrumentation have been continually achieved which have circumvented a great number of problems encountered with mercury lamp sources. The renaissance of Raman spectroscopy has also been due to improvements in the design of monochromators and photoelectric recording systems. 

Principles and Characteristics Flame emission instruments are similar to flame absorption instruments, except that the flame is the excitation source. Many modem instruments are adaptable for either emission or absorption measurements. Graphite furnaces are in use as excitation sources for AES, giving rise to a technique called electrothermal atomisation atomic emission spectrometry (ETA AES) or graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry (GFAES). In flame emission spectrometry, the same kind of interferences are encountered as in atomic absorption methods. As flame emission spectra are simple, interferences between overlapping lines occur only occasionally. 

Principles and Characteristics Arc and spark discharges have widely been used as excitation sources for qualitative and quantitative emission spectrometry since the 1920s commercial instruments became available during the 1940s. 

The DC plasma was introduced as an excitation source for atomic emission spectrometry by Margoshes and Scribner [721] and Korolev and Vainshtein [722], Modified designs have been characterised by a number of other authors [614,719-729]. Commercial equipment is now available from several manufacturers. The principle of the plasma torch arrangement used in these instruments is illustrated in Fig. 5.21 [730]. 

The outline of the construction of a typical plasma emission spectrometer is to be seen in Figure 8.10. The example shown has an inductively coupled plasma, excitation source, but the outline would be similar were a dc source to be fitted. Different combinations of prisms and diffraction gratings may be used in the dispersion of the emitted radiation, and in the presentation of the analytical signal. Instruments are computerized in operation and make use of automatic sample handling. Sophisticated data handling packages are employed routinely to deal with interferences, and to provide for clarity in data output. 

As mentioned in item 5 of Section 9.1, the light sources used in atomic absorption instruments are sources that emit spectral lines. Specifically, the spectral lines used are the lines in the line spectrum of the analyte being measured. These lines are preferred because they represent the precise wavelengths that are needed for the absorption in the flame, since the flame contains this analyte. Spectral line sources emit these wavelengths because they themselves contain the analyte to be measured, and when the lamp is on, these internal atoms are raised to the excited state and emit their line spectrum when they return... 

The excitation pulse tram is used to trigger of the excitation. Mode-locked lasers and cavity-dumped lasers are versatile excitation sources however, they are not ideal to implement portable instruments. Externally modulated solid state microlasers are a... 

There are numerous excitation sources available for LIF instruments. A xenon arc lamp is the most common light source within commercial LIF analyzers. While they offer uniform broad spectral coverage across the UV-vis range and sufficient uniform power output, they are low precision sources and do not offer sufficient real-time or dynamic optical power control. The white output also necessitates an excitation... 

The second-generation FOCS is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a He-Cd laser excitation source (Omnichrome model 139), a polychronator (Instruments SA model HR-320), an optical multichannel analyzer (either PAR-0MA2 or PAR-0MA3), and a coupler interface of the type described by Hirshfeld et al. (8) which couples the excitation light (4ill. 6 nm) into the optical fiber (Quartz Products QSF 1000) and... 

Instrumentation. The steady-state fluorescence spectra were measured with Perkin-Elmer MPF-44B fluorescence spectrophotometer. The single-photon counting instrument for fluorescence lifetime measurements was assembled in-house from components obtained from EG G ORTEC. A PRA-510B light pulser filled with gas was used as the excitation source. Instrument response function was obtained with DuPont Ludox scatter solution at the excitation wavelength. 

In the past, much atomic emission work has been performed on atomic absorption instruments which use a flame as the excitation source. However, these have been surpassed by instruments which utilise a high-temperature plasma as the excitation source, owing to their high sensitivity and increased linear dynamic range. 

Bhaumik et al. (63) have reported the design of a stroboscopic instrument that is a substantial improvement upon the basic design of Peterson and Bridenbaugh. This apparatus makes use of a PEK-XE9-2 100-nsec xenon flash lamp as the excitation source. The lamp is fired on the order of 50 times a second with a peak input power of 4 Mwatts. The average power is reasonably low, being about 20 watts. 

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