Depression and insomnia

N.A. Nardostachys grandiflora DC No information is available in the literature. For nervous indigestion, insomnia, depression, and tension headaches.345... 

The following year, the British National Formulary, a joint publication of the British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (1991), listed suicidal ideation and violent behavior as fluoxetine side effects. Also in 1991,1 published Toxic Psychiatry, in which I observed for the first time that Prozac was producing a continuum of overstimulation that included akathisia, agitation, anxiety, insomnia, depression and mania, and, in the extreme, suicide and violence. I drew on previously sequestered FDA premarketing data on Prozac, the scientific literature, and my own clinical and forensic cases. 

Metallic mercury was widely used in early experiments in alchemy, and more recently in scientific instruments such as barometers which use has continued until this day. Consequently scientists have been at risk from both the acute and the chronic effects of exposure to mercury vapour. The metal vaporizes very readily at room temperature and can be absorbed through the lungs by inhalation. The effects include loss of memory and appetite, insomnia, depression, and paranoia. All of these symptoms were suffered by the famous scientist Sir Isaac Newton, and indeed his hair has been found to contain significant amounts of mercury. Despite this he lived to the age of 85 and his mental abilities were hardly in doubt Bleeding from the gums and gastrointestinal upsets are also effects. 

The incidence of insomnia, depression, and diarrhea is less with betaxolol than with timolol. 

Beta blockers Group toxicitv aaents can decrease HDL level and mask svmptoms of hvDoaIvcemia can cause bronchospasm, fatique, insomnia, depression, and sexual dvsfunction ... 

In large therapeutic doses, patients may suffer insomnia, depression, and nervous behavior. When used in chronically excessive doses, patients may suffer from hypertension, insomnia, dermal blemishes, and morning diarrhea. Hypertension and depression may result from abrupt withdrawal after chronic use. 

Generally, the drug has low toxicity at therapeutic levels but may cause severe CNS symptoms, such as nervousness, confusion, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, depression, and hallucinations. The Gl side effects include nausea, diarrhea, constipation, and anorexia. Convulsions and coma occur with high doses and in patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis and convulsive disorders. Chronic toxicity with... 

Psychiatric In a randomized, placebo-controlled study of liraglutide for 20 weeks in 469 patients, mean age 46 years, of whom 1-6% had type 2 diabetes, the doses used were 1.2,1.8,2.4, and 3.0 mg/day, each in 90-95 patients, with 98 in the placebo group [54. Insomnia, depression, and nervousness were more common in those taking 2.4 mg/day (7 events) and 3.0 mg/day (10 events) than with placebo (4 events). 

Elemental mercury vapor can enter the body through inhalation and be carried by the bloodstream to the brain, where it penetrates the blood-brain barrier. It disrupts metabolic processes in the brain causing tremor and psychopathological S3miptoms such as shyness, insomnia, depression, and irritability. Divalent ionic mercury, Hg2+, damages the kidney. 

A similar dependence on chemical form exists for mercury, which can be absorbed through the skin as well as taken in by inhalation. The TLV is most restrictive for alkyl compounds (0.01 mg/m ) less restrictive for inorganic forms, including metallic mercury (0.025 mg/m ) and least restrictive for aiyl compounds (0.1 mg/m ). Mercury compounds can cause bronchitis, pneumonitis, coughing, chest pain, respiratory distress, salivation, and diarrhea (165). Central nervous system effects include tremor, insomnia, depression, and irritability. Inhalation of vapors can also damage the liver and kidneys. 

Acute benzene poisoning results in CNS depression and is characterized by an initial euphoria followed by staggered gait, stupor, coma, and convulsions. Exposure to approximately 4000 ppm benzene results in complete loss of consciousness. Insomnia, agitation, headache, nausea, and drowsiness may persist for weeks after exposure (126). Continued inhalation of benzene to the point of euphoria has caused irreversible encephalopathy with tremulousness, emotional lability, and diffuse cerebral atrophy (125). In deaths arising from acute exposure, respiratory tract infection, hypo- and hyperplasia of sternal bone marrow, congested kidneys, and cerebral edema have been found at autopsy. 

Central nervous system—dizziness, anxiety, lightheadedness, vertigo, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, confusion, depression, and psychic disturbances... 

Benzodiazepines and other anxiolytics. Although benzodiazepines are widely used in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal, most nonmedical personnel involved in the treatment of alcoholism are opposed to the use of medications that can induce any variety of dependence to treat the anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances that can persist for months following withdrawal. Researchers have debated the pros and cons of the use of benzodiazepines for the management of anxiety or insomnia in alcoholic patients and other substance abuse patients during the postwithdrawal period (Ciraulo and Nace 2000 Posternak and Mueller 2001). 

Differentiating between depression and dementia can be difficult, so symptoms of depression should be documented for several weeks prior to initiating therapy for the treatment of depression with AD. Citalopram and sertraline are recommended as first-line agents because of their efficacy in placebo-controlled trials.49 Indications for the use of antidepressants include depression characterized by poor appetite, insomnia, hopelessness, anhedonia, withdrawal, suicidal thoughts, and agitation. 

If symptoms (e.g., hyperarousal, avoidance, dissociation, insomnia, depression) persist for 3 to 4 weeks and there is social or occupational impairment, patients should receive pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy, or both. 

To mimic melatonin action and increase the half-life is the goal of melatonin receptor agonists, which are the more recent addition to the insomnia therapeutic armamentarium. These compounds, in addition to use for insomnia, may have potential application in the synchronization of disturbed circadian rhythms, sleep disturbances in the elderly, seasonal depression and jet lag, to name a few. Furthermore, studies have shown that melatonin receptor agonists do not induce any of the hypothermic, hypotensive or bradycardic effects caused by melatonin in humans [27,28]. 

Saint-John s-wort was used in ancient Greece and medieval Europe, where it was believed to ward off evil spirits. Its name derives from wort, the Old English word for herb, and the fact that it was harvested in Europe on the eve of St. John s day (June 24th) and burned to purify the air (Fleiligenstein and Guenther 1998). Traditional uses include treatment of depression, insomnia, enuresis, and anxiety. Modern use has focused on its antidepressant effects and possible antiviral effects for treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (FIIV) (Fleiligenstein et al. 1998) (table 7.3). There has been some interest in its antiglioma effects as well (Couldwell et al. 1993). 

Trazodone (Desyrel). Trazodone was the first of the atypical antidepressants and was actually introduced prior to the SSRIs. It does not have the serious cardiac toxicity or anticholinergic side effects of the TCAs and was the most popular antidepressant until the arrival of the SSRIs. It is approved for the treatment of depression and is also commonly used in low doses to treat agitation in demented patients and insomnia. 

For reasons that are not entirely clear, insomnia is also more common in women than men. There are particular times when a woman is especially vulnerable to insomnia, including pregnancy, the transition into menopause, and the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. This, of course, suggests that it is changes in the female reproductive system that somehow alter sleep. Depression and anxiety are also more common in women at these times, and insomnia is a common symptom of these psychiatric illnesses. 

Medications that enhance norepinephrine activity are used to treat depression and ADHD. Boosting norepinephrine can also produce numerous side effects including nervousness and anxiety, insomnia, and loss of appetite. With mirtazapine and the TCAs, these side effects are usually not a problem because these antidepressants also block histamine receptors. Their antihistamine effects promote increased appetite and drowsiness that tend to offset the side effects that might be experienced from increased norepinephrine activity. 

Benzodiazepines with a short half-life are excreted more rapidly than benzodiazepines with a long half-life and hence the risk of severe withdrawal side-effects is higher. Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, depression, insomnia, headache and hallucinations. 

Other effects reported in tetryl workers are irritability, fatigue, malaise, headache, lassitude, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting. Anemia, of either the marrow depression or deficiency type, has been observed among tetryl workers. Conjunctivitis may be caused by rubbing the eyes with contaminated hands or by airborne dust keratitis and iridocyclitis have occurred. Tetryl has been reported to cause irreversible liver damage and death after chronic heavy exposure." However, complicat-... 

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