Toxic Psychiatry

Breggin, P. R. 1993b, Toxic Psychiatry. Fontana, London. 

The following year, the British National Formulary, a joint publication of the British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (1991), listed suicidal ideation and violent behavior as fluoxetine side effects. Also in 1991,1 published Toxic Psychiatry, in which I observed for the first time that Prozac was producing a continuum of overstimulation that included akathisia, agitation, anxiety, insomnia, depression and mania, and, in the extreme, suicide and violence. I drew on previously sequestered FDA premarketing data on Prozac, the scientific literature, and my own clinical and forensic cases. 

Beneath the black box, a headline reads warnings—Clinical Worsening and Suicide Risk. Without identifying it as such, this section contains a warning about the stimulant or activation syndrome that I first described in Toxic Psychiatry in 1991 ... 

This is consistent with my testimony and publications, beginning with Toxic Psychiatry in 1991, in which I warned about both suicide and violence caused by SSRIs and with my book Medication Madness (in press), which will present dozens of case histories illustrating harm to self and to others induced by the SSRIs. The FDA continues to lag behind, however, mentioning hostility and aggression in the new labels as problems associated with SSRIs but without giving these dire outcomes sufficient emphasis. 

I warned the public and the health professions about the risk of SSRI antidepressant-induced suicidality in adults in Toxic Psychiatry (1991) and again in 1997 with a lengthy discussion in the first edition of this book. I elaborate in much greater detail on risk in 2003 in my scientific journal article Suicidality, Violence and Mania Caused by Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) A Review and Analysis. ... 

Fifteen years ago, I warned the FDA and I warned the country in Toxic Psychiatry that antidepressants were causing a stimulant, amphetaminelike syndrome that was resulting in suicide, violence, and murder. In 1994, in Talking Back to Prozac, I warned the country and the FDA, this time now with tons of scientific data, on the same issues. 

Breggin, P. (1991c). Toxic psychiatry Why therapy, empathy and love must replace the drugs, electroshock and biochemical theories of the new psychiatry. New York St. Martin s. 

Toxic Psychiatry Why Therapy, Empathy and Love Must Replace the Drugs,... 

R. Breggin, M.D., who has written, among other books on the subject. Toxic Psychiatry Why Therapy, Empathy, and Love Must Replace the Drugs, Electroshock, and Biochemical Theories of the New Psychiatry . Breggin sees the medicines themselves as the cause of stiU other mental dysfunctions, especially over the long term. 

Cavanagh JB, Buxton PH. 1989. Trichloroethylene cranial neuropathy Is it really a toxic neuropathy or does it activate latent herpes virus J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52 297-303. 

Flanagan, R.J. and Dunk, L. (2008) Haematological toxicity of drugs used in psychiatry. Human Psychopharmacology-Clinical and Experimental, 23, 27-41. 

D PP, Tam YK, Young LT, et al Dthium decreases Gs, Gi-1 and Gi-2 alpha-subunit mRNA levels in rat cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 206 165-166, 1991 Debhch I, Yirmiya R Naltrexone reverses a long term depressive effect of a toxic lithium injection on saccharin preference. Physiol Behav 39 547-550, 1987 DebowitzMR Social phobia. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 22 141-173, 1987 Debowitz MR, Quitkin EM, Stewart JW, et al Phenelzine vs. imipramine in atypical depression a preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41 669-677, 1984 liebowitz MR, Quitkin EM, Stewart JW, et al Antidepressant specificity in atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 129-137, 1988 Liebowitz MR, Schneier F, Campeas R, et al Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49 290-300, 1992... 

Steiner W, Eontaine R Toxic reaction following the combined administration of fluoxetine and L-tryptophan five case reports. Biol Psychiatry 21 1067-1071,... 

American Psychiatric Association Benzodiazepine Dependence, Toxicity, and Abuse A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1990 Cohn JB, Wilcox CS Low-sedation potential of buspirone compared with alprazolam and lorazepam in the treatment of anxious patients a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 47 409 12, 1986 Dolovich LR, Addis A, Vaillancourt JM, et al Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. BMJ 317 839-843, 1998 Goldberg HL, Finnerty RJ The comparative efficacy of buspirone and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety. Am J Psychiatry 136 1184—1187, 1979 Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF 111 Management of insomnia. N Engl J Med 336 341-346, 1997... 

The use of drug plasma levels to effect optimal clinical response and to minimize adverse or toxic effects is standard practice in general medicine (e.g., phenytoin, digoxin), as well as in psychiatry (e.g., lithium, tricyclic antidepressants, valproate see Chapter 3). The theoretical basis for plasma level monitoring rests on several factors, including ... 

Szymanski S, Lieberman JA, Picou D, et al. A case report of cimetidine-induced clozapine toxicity. J Clin Psychiatry 1991 52 21-22. 

Preskorn SH, Irwin H. Toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants kinetics, mechanisms, intervention a review. Clin Psychiatry 1982 143 151-156. 

Salama AA, Shafey M. A case of severe lithium toxicity induced by combined fluoxetine and lithium carbonate [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1989 146 278. 

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