Insects, viii

Sauls, . E., Nordlund, D. A. and Lewis, W. J. (1979). Kairomones and their use for the management of entomophagous insects. VIII. Effects of diet on the kairomonal activity of frass from Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae for Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). Journal of Chemical Ecology 5 363-369. 

Jackson, L.L. and Blomquist, G.J. (1976b). Cuticular lipids of insects VIII - Alkanes of the mormon cricket Anabrus simplex. Lipids, 11, 77-79. 

Table VIII. Miscellaneous Organofluorine Compounds Credited with a Degree of Activity against Some Specific Insect...

The comparative residual activity of deposits of DDT and dieldrin, using the common housefly as the test insect, is illustrated in Table VIII. For purposes of comparison, both chlordan and aldrin are included in the tabulations. This material is taken from the paper by Kearns, Weinman, and Decker (7). 

Table VIII. Synergistic Ratio for Carbaryl with Piperonyl Butoxide Applied Topically to Insects (46)...

Pteridines are widespread in the animal kingdom, and particularly among insects (Table VI) (42). The red ants in the genera Formica, Lasius, and Rap-tiformica eontain pteridines sueh as isoxanthopterin (67) and biopterin (70) (Table VI). One of the eatecholamines, noradrenaline (133), is also detected from Formica rufa (Table VIII). 

The venoms of many kinds of bees, wasps, and hornets (the genera Vespa, Polistes, Vespula, Ropalidia, etc.) contain biogenic amines such as histamine (136), serotonin (141), and catecholamines in addition to polyamines such as putrescine (111), spermidine (110), and spermine (112) (Table VIII). The biogenic amines in the venoms act as the main pain-producing principles 46). The contents of these amines in the venom may affect the severity of pain production, edematous reaction of the skin, or increase in skin permeability by stings of these insects. Consequently these amines act as toxins for their defense, together with acetylcholine, enzymes, and peptides 47). 

Three acyclic amines, dimethylamine (109), putrescine (111), and spermidine (110), have been isolated from the accessary sexual glands of the mature male desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Table VIII). In addition, A -pyrroline (12i) has been identified as a volatile emanating from the mature male locust colony (Table II). It is an oxidation product of putrescine and probably could be responsible for the maturation-accelerating effect observed to be specific to the mature male insect 106). 

Tables I through VIII summarize the occurrences of alkaloids from ants and other insects. Each table presents chemical structures as well as specific sources of particular types of alkaloids e.g.. Table I covers piperidines and pyridines. Table II, pyrrolidines, pyrroles, and indolizidines.

Two of amides from melon flies of the genus Dacus (Table VIII) have been identified as V-isoamylacetamide (122) and V-(2-methylbutyl)acetamide (123) by comparison of their mass spectra and chromatographic properties with those of authentic samples 103). The third amide, previously reported neither as a component of an insect secretion nor as a synthesized derivative, was assigned as A-isoamyl-2-methoxyacetamide (124) from the mass spectrum, showing a molecular ion at m/z 159 and fragment ions at m/z 129 (M" — CHjO) and 102 (M + — C4Hg), and its structure was confirmed by comparison with a synthetic au-... 

Dimethylamine (109), putrescine (111), and spermidine (110), isolated from various insects (Table VIII), were obtained as p,p -nitrophenylazobenzoyl, p-phenylazobenzenesulfonyl, and I-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl (dan-syl) derivatives and picrates or were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the ion-exchange resin (106,343). V,V-Dimethyl-3-phenylethylamine (131) from spiders of the genus Sclerobunus (Table VIII) has been identified by mass spectral comparison with a synthetic sample (117). 

It should be clear to us that the development of resistance is always to be expected to any insecticide we may choose to apply, but it is not inevitable. DDT stayed effective against the European corn borer for at least 15 years (Table VIII) and there are several other examples, including diazinon and the western corn rootworm in Nebraska. Some of the species of beneficial insects which formerly suffered from insecticide damage, such as braconid parasites, lady beetles, mayfly nymphs and honeybees, have now developed certain tolerances, while several of the Phytoseiid mites which feed on the plant-feeding spider mites are becoming as resistant as their prey to OP s and carbamates. 

Table VIII. Failures of certain insects to develop resistance to certain insecticides.

Table VII). In several Instances, the reduction approached 70% (Table VIII), Even considering the latter level of reduction, a large nucleus would be available from which beneficial insect populations could quickly rebuild. 

The receptors of the L. maderae hindgut are quite sensitive to the leucokinins (10,12,14,15) and the achetakinins (Holman, G. M., et al. Chromatography and Isolation of Insect Hormones and Pheromones. in press.) as the threshold for activity concentrations range from 0.27 nM to 0.029 nM. Head titers of the leucokinins ranged from 0.48 pmol/head for LK-I (10) to a low of 0.06 pmol/head for LK-VIII (12). Head titers of the achetakinins ranged from 0.15 pmol/head (AK-III) to 0.02 pmol/head (AK-II) (Holman, G. M., al. Chromatography and Isolation of Insect Hormones and Pheromones, in press.). 

Figure 5 Imidacloprid metabolites in rats, insects and plants. I - 6-chloronicotinic acid (mammalian route of elimination) rosoimine III - 4-hydroxy IV - 5-hydroxy V - guanidine VI - urea VII - olefin VIII - 4,5-dihydroxy derivatives.

Factor VIII has been expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells [46]. The construct retained the native signal sequence to allow secretion of recombinant protein into the culture medium. Initial studies revealed the production of secreted factor VIII with coagulation activity. The presence of N-glycans was demonstrated since the glycosylated molecule is similar in size to that expressed in mammalian cells. 

Lezl977b Leznoff, C.C., Fyles, T.M. and Weatherston, J., Use of Polymer Supports in Organic Synthesis. VIII. Solid Phase Synthesis of Insect Sex Attractants, Can. J. Chem., 55 (1977) 1143-1153. 

Inscoe, M. N., and M. Beroza Analysis of pheromones and other compounds controlling insect behavior. In G. Zweig and J. Sherma, Eds., Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators, Vol. VIII, Government Regulations, Pheromone Analysis, Additional Pesticides, p. 31—114. New York Academic Press. 1976. 

Leznoff, C. C., and T. M. Fyles The use of polymer supports in organic synthesis. VIII. Solid-phase syntheses of insect sex attractants. Can. J. Chem. 55, 1143—1153 (1977). 

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