Insecticides home gardener

The development of malathion in 1950 was an important milestone in the emergence of selective insecticides. Malathion is from one-half to one-twentieth as toxic to insects as parathion but is only about one two-hundredths as toxic to mammals. Its worldwide usage in quantities of thousands of metric tons in the home, garden, field, orchard, woodland, on animals, and in pubHc health programs has demonstrated substantial safety coupled with pest control effectiveness. The biochemical basis for the selectivity of malathion is its rapid detoxication in the mammalian Hver, but not in the insect, through the attack of carboxyesterase enzymes on the aUphatic ester moieties of the molecule. 

Malathion [121-75-5], 0,0-dimethyl -(l,2-dicarbethoxy)ethyl phosphorodithioate (60) (bp 156—157°C at 93 Pa, d 1.23, vp 5.2 mPa at 30°C), is soluble in water to 145 mg/L. The rat LDBOs are 1375,1000 (oral) and 4000 (dermal). Malathion readily hydrolyzes in water above pH 7.0 and below pH 5.0. It is one of the most widely used general-purpose insecticides by virtue of its low mammalian toxicity and its good persistence, and is effective for the home garden, household, and against insects of public health importance including flies, mosquitoes, and lice. It is used with protein hydrolysate bait to control fruitflies (Tephritidae). 

Nicotine, an alkaloid, is extracted from leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum and Nic-otiana rustica). It is used in home gardens and greenhouses for control of sucking insects such as leafhoppers, aphids, scales, thrips, and whiteflies. However, the use of nicotine is rapidly declining and is being replaced by newer synthetic insecticides because of its comparatively high mammalian toxicity. Its oral LD50 in rats is 55 mg/kg. 

Fenthion is a broad spectrum insecticide. When applied as a surface spray, it controls adult mosquitoes and other insect pests and spiders in agricultural, horticultural, and home garden use. Recent reports indicate that resistance to fenthion has developed in some species of mosquitoes. Fenthion is used in dermal application for treatment of swine and cattle for control of lice, flies, and ticks, and in flea and tick treatments for pets. It is also used in aqueous applications to kill dragonfly larvae in ornamental fish production ponds. Fenthion is an effective avicide, and has been marketed to control birds considered to be pests. 

Anticholinesterase compounds constitute the largest number of chemicals that are primarily used as insecticides in agriculture, industry, and around the home/garden. Some OPs (nerve agents) have been used both in chemical warfare and terrorist attacks while other OPs and CMs have been recommended as therapeutic agents in human and veterinary medicine. 

Rotenone is an insecticide used in home gardening. What oxygen-containing functional groups are in this molecule ... 

Problem 2.1 Rotenone is an insecticide used in home gardening. What oxygen-containing functional groups are in this molecule Answers (a) ethers (red) (b) alkene (blue) ketone (magenta) benzene rings (black)... 

Cyfluthrin is a broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticide which provides general insect control in agricultural crops, in food-handling establishments, in the garden, and in/around the home. 

Disulfoton enters the environment primarily during its use as an insecticide/acaricide in crops and vegetables, and in homes and gardens. Other important pathways for disulfoton s entry into the environment are the disposal of liquid disulfoton wastes into soil evaporation pits, ditches, ponds (Winterlin et al. 1989), and hazardous waste sites. Thus, soil is the environmental medium most likely to be contaminated with disulfoton. The processes that may transport disulfoton from soil to other environmental media include leaching to groundwater, runoff to surface water, and absorption by plants (Holden 1986 Mostaghimi et al. 1993 Nash 1974 Plumb 1991 Sanborn et al. 1977 ... 

Workers in industries that manufacture and formulate disulfoton, farm workers who enter treated fields after the insecticide has been applied and, in particular, applicators of the insecticide are at a higher risk of exposure than the general population. Among the general population, people who use the insecticide in homes and garden applications are at a higher risk of exposure, as are people who live near hazardous waste sites containing disulfoton. 

Rotenone and the rotenoids (Figure 2) have long been used as Insecticides and plscicides (fish poisons). By the early 1950 s more than 7 million pounds of Legumlnosae roots (Perris, Lonchocarpus, and Tephrosia spp.) containing these insecticides were imported annually into the United States. In 1972, about 1.5 million pounds of the roots were used in the United States for pest control in the home and garden markets and to control ectoparasites on animals (10). 

Replace all toxic cleaning products with lung- and earth-friendlier versions. Even if you re not the one cleaning, residual chemicals from these products linger in your home and are potentially very harmful to your unborn child. Apply the same approach to fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides in your garden. If you have an insect infestation, use safer insecticides like nontoxic traps. 

As with human disease vectors, so DDT succeeded initially with some of the major agricultural pests. By the early 1970s over 4 billion pounds of the insecticide had been used--approximately 80j> of it on agricultural crops. It was also in wide use for pest control in home flower and vegetable gardens, and domestically as protection against moths and carpet beetles. 

---