Insecticide strip

Coumaphos is of interest because it is the most effective pesticide against varroa mites and small hive beetles in beehives and is an ingredient of insecticide strips hung in the hives to kill the mites.9 There is some concern regarding this use because of coumaphos detected in honey. The U.S. EPA has granted extensions for the use of coumaphos in beehives, including one to run from February 2, 2002, to February 1, 2003. 

Ostlie, K. Soybean aphid reduces yield Harvest results from insecticide strip trials. 2004, http // www.soybean.umn.edu/crop/insects/aphid/studyresults/htm. 

Adequate comparisons of the efficiencies of the many types of stripping devices in existence have never been made actually, such comparisons are not necessary, nor is it necessary to consider the purchase or construction by each group of a standardized piece of stripping equipment. Rather, it is proposed that the efficiency of each such apparatus be determined as the time of stripping required to attain equilibrium of concentration of the insecticide between extracting solvent and substrate—i.e., when the plot of quantity of insecticide in solvent vs. time levels off. Then, if all stripping operations in a given ap-... 

The main devices used for mosquito protection in households have been mosquito coils, electric mosquito mats, and liquid vaporizers, all of them methods that vaporize insecticides into the air using heating by means of fire or electricity to control the insects. In recent years, new anti-mosquito products have been commercialized such as fan vaporizers, paper strip type emanators, and resin net type emanators which vaporize insecticides without heating. In all of these products pyrethroid insecticides are used as active ingredients because they are superior in what is called knockdown effect, where noxious insects are rapidly paralyzed and cannot bite, and have a high level of safety for humans. 

The hydrochloric acid is removed by the strong tertiary base, methyldibutylamine, which has a soluble hydrochloride. In B.P. s 631,549 and 652,981 it was shown that compound (II) could be prepared by the action of dimethylamine on P0C13 in chloroform containing an excess of methylbutylamine. The further reaction with water is very conveniently carried out in the same system by adding an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The chloroform layer contains the tertiary amine and (I). The solvent and amine are stripped off leaving the product. Side reactions take place, and the commercial product also contains some triphosphoric pentadimethylamide (I A) and smaller amounts of other phosphoric amides. The compound (I A) is itself also a valuable systemic insecticide. 

Jackson MD, Lewis RG. 1981. Insecticide concentrations in air after application of pest control strips. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27 122-125. 

The 1951 report by Winteringhara (20) of the comparative metabolism of l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-C° Brjphenyl)ethane( Br-DDT ) in susceptible (S-) and resistant (R-) houseflies must have been one of the earliest applications of this technique to the metabolic fate of an organic insecticide in insects Metabolites were separated on paper chromatograms which were then analysed radio-metrical ly using strip-scanners designed and made in the Slough laboratory ... 

Phenol Red. The first publications of an automated procedure for the measurement of cholinesterase inhibitors are those of Winter 14) and Winter and Ferrari (15). The method employed an Autoanalyzer instrumental system wherein the extracts containing the insecticide were incubated with a standard cholinesterase solution at 37 °G. A continuous sample from the incubation bath is buffered and mixed with acetylcholine iodide. After a second incubation, the acetic acid released by the action of the uninhibited cholinesterase is measured colorimetrically, using phenol red as the indicator. More recently, Fischl et al. 16) reported a method for rapid detection of organic phosphate pesticides in serum. Strips of filter paper were impregnated with a buffered acetylcholine substrate solution containing phenol red as an indicator. When no inhibition is present, the acid released from the action of cholinesterase turns the paper yellow. When cholinesterase has been inhibited, the paper turns pink-to-violet. 

The topical application of insecticides and/or repellents can reduce exposure. Suggested regimens include the application of 200 ml 0.5% fen-valerate alongjhe line of the back. Alternatively 1 litre 0.1% fenvalerate may be applied as a body spray. This should be repeated every 7 days, or following exposure to rain. Permethrin insecticidal repellents are also effective and are used as a pour on preparation (30-40 ml 4% permethrin). However, adverse skin reactions have been reported following application. Cypermethrin and permethrin are also used in plastic tags or strips that can be attached to the head collar, mane and tail. 

Use Antioxidants, fungicides, oil additives, plasticizers, insecticides, stabilizers, polymerization modifiers, stabilizer in tin-sulfur compounds, stripping agent for polysulfide rubber. 

An alternative, more specialized procedure for small-scale use involves the use of vaporizing devices in which a high concentration of an insecticide is dispersed on a solid carrier from which during heating (mosquito mats) or burning (smokes or mosquito coils), or sometimes at mom temperature (impregnated plastic strips), an insecticidal vapour is produced. When used in such products PBO acts more as a solvent or evaporation retardant which evens out the rate of volatilization than as a synergist. 

Trichlorfon has a low mammalian toxicity. Dichlorvos is more toxic, but the difference in toxicity between insects and vertebrates is very high. It evaporates easily and may be formulated in plastic strips that slowly release the insecticide, killing the insects, but it is apparently harmless to humans. The two compounds have also been widely used to kill salmon ectoparasites, as well as parasites encountered in veterinary medicine. However, they are strong teratogens in some species, disturbing brain development (Mehl et al., 2000), and should therefore be used with care. 

Acetic acid, mercapto- isooctyl ester A13-26088 EINECS 246-613-9 HSDB 2704 Isooctyl mercaptoacetate Isoootyl thioglycolate Mercaptoacetic acid, isoootyl ester, NSC 9590, Antioxidants, fungicides, oil additives, plasticizers, insecticides, stabilizers, polymerization modifiers, stabilizer for tin-sulfur compounds, stripping agent for polysulfide rubber. Sock, Bruno Chemische FabrikKG. 

A different strategy for controlled release is based on polymer permeability other than degradation. The active reagent may be encapsulated within a polymeric membrane or in a strip, as shown in Figure 5.53. Ideally the reagent is contained in the reservoir as a saturated solution with excess in suspension. This allows diffusion through the membrane at constant rate without loss of activity. Alternatively, the reagent may be dispersed in a polymer matrix and released to the environment by diffusion or extraction. A variety of membrane and matrix devices are commercially available [99]. Pheromone release strips for insect control and household fly and cockroach strips for release of insecticide are also in commercial use. 

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