Insecticide and pesticide technology

ACARICIDE. A substance, natural or synthetic, used to destroy or control infestations of the animals making up Arachnida, Acarina, mainly miles and ticks, some forms of which are very injurious to both plants and livestock, including poultry. There are numerous substances that are effective both as acaricides and insecticides others of a narrower spectrum are strictly acaricides. See also Inscctieide and Insecticide and Pesticide Technology. 

INSECTICIDE AND PESTICIDE TECHNOLOGY. The technology of controlling pests, notably in the area of food production, is undergoing serious examination and reevaluation. 

Pesticide Solvent. The majority of organic fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides (qv) are soluble in DMSO, including such difficult-to-solvate materials as the substituted ureas and carbamates (see Fungicides, agricultural Insect control technology Pesticides). Dimethyl sulfoxide forms cosolvent systems of enhanced solubiUty properties with many solvents (109). 

The majority, or as much as 70-90%, of human cancers have been associated with environmental causes ( 1, 2) Our environment is complex. Cancer causes are often misunderstood and misconstrued as consisting primarily of ubiquitous chemicals due to modern technology and industrial development. It is true that a number of food additives, pesticides, insecticides and industrial chemicals introduced commercially in the last 40 years have exhibited carcinogenic properties in animal models ( 3). However, most of the main human cancers in the Western world do not stem from such chemical contaminants. It is, therefore, important to identify the actual causes of cancer in developing an effective basis for cancer prevention. 

In 1973, the WHO executive board took the initiative to develop a tentative classification of pesticides that would distinguish between the more Euid less hazardous forms of each pesticide. Taking into account the views of members of the WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Insecticides and other expert advisory panels with special competence and interest in pesticide technology, as well as the comments of WHO... 

Sixty to eighty percent of all human cancers are associated with our environment and environmental agents. The environment is a complex mixture of chemicals that originate from industrial and technological development and, most importantly, natural sources. Many industrial chemicals, pesticides, insecticides and food additives have exhibited carcinogenic properties in various animal model systems, and occupational and drug exposure has led to human cancers. However, estimates attribute the majority of human cancers associated with the environment not to intentional or accidental chemical exposure, but to the vast number of naturally occurring chemicals in our environment (Doll and Peto, 1981). 

Virus efficacy is typically assessed in terms relative to the efficacy of standard chemical insecticides, and they seldom fare well in this comparison. Although numerous viruses have been tested in the field as insecticides, few have been developed as viable commercial products. Pesticide formulation and application technology has paralleled the development of s)mthetic pesticides, accordingly virus formulation and application methodology was copied from this. 

Production practices and availability of equipment require that viral insecticides be formulated and applied using technology designed for application of contact insecticides. Development of formulation and application methodology for viral insecticides has not proceeded as rapidly as anticipated. Many viral insecticides are efficaceous, but research has slowed because few are marketed. Although viral insecticide use is limited, their potential for use in IPM systems where other pesticides are not available or desirable provides a window of opportunity for greater use in the future. Improvements in formulation and application technology... 

Alkylphenol ethoxylates are chemically stable and highly versatile surfactants that find appHcation in a large variety of industrial products including acid and alkaline metal cleaning formulations, hospital cleaners, herbicides (qv) and insecticides, oil-weU drilling fluids, synthetic latices, and many others (see Disinfectants AND antiseptics Elastop rs, synthetic Insect control technology Metal surface treati nts Pesticides Petroleum, drilling fluids). 

Uses. Tballium compounds have limited use in industrial appHcations. The use of thaHous sulfate in rodenticides and insecticides has been replaced by other compounds less harmful to animals (see Insect control technology Pesticides). Tb allium sulfide has been used in photoelectric cells (see Photovoltaic cells). A thallium bromide—thallium iodide mixture is used to transmit infrared radiation for signal systems. ThaHous oxide is used in the manufacture of glass (qv) that has a high coefficient of refraction. Tb allium formate—malonate aqueous solutions (Cletici s solution) have been used in mineral separations. Many thallium compounds have been used as reagents in organic synthesis in researchlaboratoti.es. 

Below-grade bioremediation is an ex situ technology designed to treat soil, sludge, and sediment impacted with chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides such as chlordane and heptachlor. Naturally occurring fungi are added to pesticide-contaminated soil, which is then treated in a below-grade actively aerated bioremediation cell. 

Home is the most important setting for infants and young children. They often eat, play, and sleep in the same area. Examples of sources of exposure to pollutants include building materials (e.g. wood treated with arsenic-based pesticides), lead-based paints, insecticides that are sprayed indoors, fuel (e.g. coal and wood) for indoor cooking, disposal practices for domestic waste (e.g. incineration), household chemicals (e.g. solvents), and small-scale enterprises at the family residence (e.g. brick producers who operate low-technology combustion kilns and makers of pottery using lead-based paints). 

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