Insect repellency

To illustrate how aldol condensation may be coupled to functional group modifi cation consider the synthesis of 2 ethyl 1 3 hexanediol a compound used as an insect repellent This 1 3 diol is prepared by reduction of the aldol addition product of butanal... 

Citronellal occurs naturally as the principal component of citronella oil and is used as an insect repellent... 

Insect juvenile hormone Insect repellents Insect resistance Insects... 

Over 68 aerosol products containing isopropyl alcohol solvent have been reported (145). Aerosol formulations include hair sprays (146), floor detergents (147), shoe poHshes (148), insecticides (149,150), bum ointments (151), window cleaners, waxes and poHshes, paints, automotive products (eg, windshield deicer), insect repellents, flea and tick spray, air refreshers, disinfectants, veterinary wound and pinkeye spray, first-aid spray, foot fungicide, and fabric-wrinMe remover (152) (see Aerosols). 

CitroneUal can also be converted to the ds- [92471-23-3] (88) and / 3 -/)-menthane-3,8-diol [91739-72-9] (89) by reaction with dilute acids (176,177). The glycol mixture can be readily purified by distillation and the two isomers easily separated. The glycols are usehil as insect repellents (qv) and are especially effective against mosquitos (178). Derivatives of the glycols have been prepared and are usehil as insecticides and plant growth regulators (179). 

The main uses of toluene are as a solvent in paints, rubber, and plastic cements and as a feedstock in the manufacture of organic chemicals, explosives, detergents, and polyurethane foams. Xylenes (which exist as three isomers) are used in the manufacture of DMT, alkyd resins, and plasticizers. Naphthalene is mainly used in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, insect repellents, and phthalic anhydride (used in the manufacture of alkyd resins, plasticizers, and polyester). 

Melia azadirachta L. (neem or margosa). The bark, according to Cornish, yields a minute amount of a bitter alkaloid, margosine. The fruit is reported to be toxic and to contain an alkaloid, azaridine. The leaves are stated to be insect-repellent and from them an alkaloid paraisine has been prepared. The flowers are alkaloid-free. ((1) Ind. Ann. Med. Sci., 1857, 4, 104 (2) Carratala, Rev. Asoc. med. Arg., 1939, 53, 338 (3) Volkonsky, Arch. Inst. Pasteur Alg rie, 1937, 427 (4) Subramanian and Rangaswamy, Curr. Sci., 1947, 16, 182.)... 

A uV-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is the active ingredient in many insect-repellent preparations. Plow might you synthesize this substance from m-bromotoluene ... 

Deer ticks are known to cause Lyme disease. The presence of DEET (diethyltoluamide) in insect repellents protects the user from the ticks. The molecular formula for DEET is C12H,7NO. How many grams of carbon can be obtained from 127 g of DEET ... 

Until rather recently, our choice among chemicals repellant to insects was very limited (9), and some of the available remedies seem to have been almost equally repellent to their human users. The most familiar of them undoubtedly is the classical oil of citronella, a mixture of plant terpenes which consists principally of geraniol, citronellol, and citronellal. It is a remarkable coincidence that at least one insect species, an ant discussed by Dr. Happ, also makes use of some of these same terpenes as repellents against other insects. It biosynthesizes them de novo rather than simply taking them from plant sources. Many other examples of insect repellency have been observed (9), and Roth and Eisner (28) list over 30 compounds which have been identified as defense substances of anthropods. 

All travelers to endemic areas should be advised to remain in well-screened areas, to wear clothes that cover most of the body, and sleep in mosquito nets. Travelers should adhere to malaria chemoprophylaxis regimens and carry the insect repellant DEET (N, N,-diethylmetatoluamide) or other insect sprays containing DEET for use in mosquito-infested areas. 

Dimalone [bicyclo-(2.2.1)-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester] and Octa-cide 264 [the V-octyl imide of bicyclo-(2.2.1)-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid] do produce a red color with an absorption maximum in the same region as that obtained in the analysis of Compound 118. However, because Dimalone is an insect repellent and Octacide 264 is a pyrethrum synergist, neither of these products is likely to be encountered in commercial mixtures of Compound 118. The response to the colorimetric test for Compound 118 of some chemicals commonly used for insect control is listed in Table V. 

Another extremely important military characteristic is effectiveness against many different species of insects without the development of resistant strains. Every insecticide that must be added to the military list of supplies geometrically increases the difficulties of procurement and distribution. At the present time, nineteen different insecticides and insect repellents and four different rodenticides are issued by the Army Quartermaster. These figures do not include the different formulations of insect repellents issued under the same stock number. The three basic insect repellents are dimethyl phthlate, Indalone, and Rutgers 612. These repellents are issued either alone or in various combinations, further complicating the supply situation because of the variation in efficiency of these substances against different species of mosquitoes in different parts of the world. 

Regarding POCs, eight compounds (see Table 1) were selected as indicators from the qualitative analysis of leachate due to their frequent detection, to their abundance, and to their absence in groundwater wells monitored upstream the landfill. The selected compounds include plasticizers or their degradation products, insect repellent and natural compounds resulting from anthropogenic pollution. 

Tularemia occurs naturally in many parts of the United States. Use insect repellent containing DEET on your skin, or treat clothing with repellent containing permethrin, to prevent insect bites. Wash your hands often, using soap and warm water, especially after handling animal carcasses. Be sure to cook your food thoroughly and that your water is... 

As a student at San Francisco State University, Susan was a political activist during the Vietnam era. While on hiatus from school she traveled extensively in Southeast Asia, Europe and Central America. During that time she received numerous inoculations and used DEET-containing insect repellents daily on her body, hair and clothing. Now she wonders if that relates to the onset of her severe chemical reactions approximately one year after she returned to the U.S. in the early 80s. 

Insect metabolic pathways, compounds affecting, 14 345 Insect pheromones, 14 346 Insect repellents, 14 345 Insect-resist agents, for wool treatment, 26 403-404... 

Basak, S. C., Natarajan, R., Nowak, W., Miszta, P., Klun, J. A. Three dimensional structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) for insect repellency of diastereoisomeric compounds A hierarchical molecular overlay approach. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2007,18, 237-250. 

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