INPUT statement

Data may be entered into variables declared in a labeled COMMON block by an assignment or an input statement or through a BLOCK DATA subprogram as defined in subprogram statements. 

The examples in this book focus primarily on the tools within SAS/GRAPH, SAS/STAT, and Base SAS, including the SAS macro language and PROC SQL. The examples were developed using SAS 9.1.3, but the vast majority of the examples will run with other versions of SAS as well. Please note that the data that drive the examples in this book are obtained through INPUT statements with DATALINES data. This is done only for illustrative purposes and does not mean that you should expect to obtain your clinical data in this fashion. 

PROLOG tries again to match the input statement with the entries in the data base. The variable Compound is instantiated to whatever object happens to occupy the respective position in the data base entry. If a match is found, the value assigned to the variable is put out. In our example the result (its presentation may again vary slightly with different implementations) will be... 

The Input Translator is completely table driven. This means that all of the information needed to process input statements (such as names of keywords, default values of data items, etc.) is stored in tables in a file called the System Definition File. Therefore, it is easy to add keywords or change defaults by changing entries in the System Definition File. In addition to the Input Language tables, almost any "changeable" information related to Input Translation is stored in the System Definition File. This includes unit conversion tables, attribute descriptions, physical property option models, data structure, unit operation model data, and stream requirements, etc. Thus it is easy to add new system parameters without changing any code in the Input Translator. 

The calculation dictionary defines the procedures required to perform calculations on test data. User friendly features include variable declaration as either local to a test or fetched from another test on the same or different sample, conversational input statements and algebraic calculations. Each calculation procedure may be referenced by any one or all entries in the test dictionary. 

Ab initio calculations can give a variety of molecular properties besides energy. By changing the SCAN command to OPT in the above list of input statements, the value of the HCl bond length can be optimized to give the lowest energy and the bond length can then be compared with the value determined experimentally in Exp. 37. Addition of FREQ and POLAR commands to the second line yields properties such as the harmonic vibrational frequency (vj, the dipole moment ijl, and the polarizabihty tensor elements a , etc. The calculated dipole moment can be contrasted with that determined... 

This program overcomes some of the problems of the INPUT statement. It s a short machine language routine that requires no special knowledge of machine language. Easy to use, it reprograms BASIC s own INPUT routine. 

You are probably familiar with some of the problems with the INPUT statement. First, it will not properly handle input with commas and colons. If you entered the previous sentence, the computer would accept only the word First and would ignore the rest of the line (as the computer warns you with 7EXTRA IGNORED). This is because the comma is used to separate multiple INPUTS on the same line, as in this example ... 

There are other difficulties with the INPUT statement as well. Quotation marks are not handled correctly. Leading and trailing spaces are stripped away. INPUT also allows people to use all the cursor and color control keys. Theoretically, you can place the cursor anywhere on the screen where there is something you want to INPUT, and press RETURN. In effect, this is what happens when you edit a program (the same INPUT routine is used by both the system and BASIC). But it just makes no sense to allow cursor moves all over the screen when you simply want the user to answer a question. If the user accidentally presses a cursor key and then tries to move the cursor back, the entire line, including any prompts, is read. 

The usual solution is to write your own INPUT routine using the GET statement, which fetches one key at a time from the keyboard. With such a simple statement as GET, however, you have to reinvent the wheel anytime you need such a protected INPUT routine. And it certainly isn t as easy to use as a simple INPUT statement. 

The program receives a command through the INPUT statement. As the player enters words, a string is created. 

Most of the Mathematica symbols are the same as those used in Excel or various computer programming languages such as BASIC except for the use of a blank space for multiplication. Excel and BASIC use only the asterisk for multiplication. In ordinary formulas, placing two symbols together without a space between them can stand for multiplication. In Mathematica, if you write xy, the software will think you mean a variable called xy, and not the product of x and y. However, you can write either 2x or 2 x for 2 times x, but not x2. It is probably best to use the asterisk ( ) for multiplication rather than a space in input statements. Watch for the use of the blank space in output statements. Complex arithmetic is done automatically, using the capital letter I for. Several constants are available by using symbols Pi, E, I, Infinity, and Degree stand for n,e,i =, oo, and... 

Note the space between the a and the x and the space between the exponential and the constant C[l] in the output. The constant C[l] is to be determined by initial conditions. An initial condition can be included in the original input statement. For example, if y(0) = 2, we would enter... 

SOLUTION We open Mathematica and type the input statement... 

Loops become very powerful when combined with input statements. Consider this simple example ... 

Variable Display. After computing a solution, GAMS displays the variable values in the output file. In addition, GAMS can redisplay values in tabular form toward the end of the output file. To accomplish this, a DISPLAY statement is added following the MODEL statement. While a range of possible outputs can be displayed, the level (or final) outputs (denoted with a .L extension to the variable) are often of most concern. For example, the final values for Rl,. .., R4, Qcw, and Qs, are requested in tabulated form in the output file, using the input statement ... 

BASIC was invented for an interactive environment (time-sharing or personal computers). The user could start and stop the program at will and could interact with the running program. For instance, the INPUT statement in the following program allowed the user to enter the numbers to be added after typing RUN (remember, all commands had to be typed there were no mouses or menus) ... 

An important use of fuzzy methods for Data Mining is for classification. Associations between inputs and outputs are known in fuzzy systems as fuzzy associative memories or FAMs. A FAM system encodes a collection of compound rules that associate multiple input statements with multiple output statements We combine such multiple statements using logical operators such as conjunction, disjunction and negation. 

This brief look at QFD hopefully indicates the power that this tool has. Initial use of this tool will most likely be more expensive than currently used methods because of the familiarization that must take place. It should not be used for small tasks, those with fewer than 10 input statements. It should probably not be used if the number of inputs exceeds 50 because the complexity makes the relative weightings difficult to manage with a satisfactory degree of confidence. Those who have learned to use QFD do find it efficient and valuable as well as cost effective. 

When a new formation is penetrated, the initial pressure will always be equal to the reservoir pore pressure. However, in this book and in the code, we will leave this input completely general, if only for code flexibility and the possibility that the program will be used in special experimental situations. Once the pressure field in space is obtained for a particular time step, it must be copied into the pressure array for the earlier pressure before pressures can be recursively advanced and integrated in time. The bookkeeping of an earlier time pressure array means that an additional Fortran dimension statement, plus more allocated memory, will be required. Aside from new input statements required for fluid compressibilities, we will need to modify the matrix coefficients B and W as required by Equations 20-23 and 20-37. That is, the -2 of Equation 20-37 is to be replaced by the term - 2 - c )pc(Ax)2/(kAt) of Equation 20-23, while the... 

If you give Mathematica a definite integral with an integrand that has no indefinite integral in Mathematica s tables, Mathematica will simply return your input statement. To carry out a numerical approximation to the integral and obtain a numerical value, use the NIntegrate statement, which has the form ... 

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