Innate immunity modelling

Do Tregs regulate immune pathology by directly suppressing cells, B cells, plasma cells (reduced IgE is seen in allergic models), or innate immune cells ... 

Antimicrobial peptides have also been postulated to play a central role in the plant innate immune response to microbial infection and include the thionins, the defensins, and the cyclotides. It has been demonstrated that physiological concentrations of the thionins are active against bacteria and fungi in vitro and the heterologous expression of thionins in a transgenic plant model confer protection against bacterial challenge. ... 

Previous attempts to measure immune function of human cells following PBMC engraftment of immunodeficient mice have been met with limited success (34). The lack of a vigorous primary immune response mediated by human PBMC engrafted into earlier humanized mouse models was associated with host murine NK cell activity and other innate immune function as well as an overwhelming xenogeneic GVHD response of the... 

Bulet, P., and Uttenweiler-Joseph, S. (2000) A MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry approach to investigate the defense reactions in Drosophila melanogaster, an insect model for the study of innate immunity, in RM Kamp, D Kyriakidis, Th Choli-Papadopoulos, ed. Springer Proteome and Protein Analysis (Kamp, R.M., Kyriakidis, D., and Choli-Papadopoulos, T., eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 157-174. 

Bahador, M., Cross, A.S. From therapy to experimental model A hundred years of endotoxin administration to human subjects. J Endotox Res (now Innate Immunity) 13 (2007) 251-279. 

If Arabidopsis PEN1 is a component of the endosomal complex responsible for endocytosis of the LPS/LOS-receptor complex, similar to endocytosis of the LPS-complex in mammals and the observed endocytosis of LPS in tobacco cells discussed above, an increased induction of innate immune responses would, presumably, have been observed in LOS-stimulated Arabidopsis penl mutants compared to the wild-type. Although we favour a model in which PEN1 is involved in exocytosis required for Xcc LOS triggered immunity in Arabidopsis, we cannot discount an alternate role in endocytosis. Importantly the findings indicate that... 

In vivo data have also estabhshed that KA induced a significant increase (more than two-fold) in citrulline concentrations 30 min following the injection (Zaja-Milatovic et al, 2008). Although we did not determine whether increased citrulline originated Irom a combination of NOS isozymes or one in particular, our data are in agreement with the results from the models of anticholinesterase toxicity and activated innate immunity (Gupta etal, 2007 Milatovic et al, 2003,2004) and indicate that a subset of NOS activity also contributes to cerebral oxidative damage in the model of KA-induced excitotoxicity. 

Anticholinesterase-induced seizure is accompanied by rapid evolution of dendritic abnormalities, apparent in a significant decrease in dendritic length and spine density of pyramidal neurons as early as 1 h post-DFP. Dendritic degeneration seen in this model of DFP-induced seizures is similar to neurodegeneration of pyramidal neurons in CAl hippocampal area in mouse models of kainic acid-induced exci-totoxicity (Zaja-Milatovic et al, 2008) and activated innate immunity (Milatovic et al, 2003). (Courtesy of Dr Dejan Milatovic, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine)... 

---