Animal grouping

Nothing is yet known of the transmembrane lipid transporters of nematodes, so this chapter will concentrate on those proteins that appear to be unique to nematodes or those that are of a type familiar in other animal groups (principally vertebrates) but exhibit modifications of structure and function that are unusual to nematodes. 

Approximate Origin Time of the Major Multi-Cellular Plant and Animal Groups ... 

Various unicellular eukaryotes in plant, fungal and animal groups... 

In a recent patent application, mice treated with a related iron chelator, deferasirox (DFS), showed reduced body weight while on a high fat diet compared to untreated controls. Additionally, DFS was claimed to improve whole body metabolism and energy expenditure as measured by increased 02 consumption and C02 production as well as a reduction in white adipose and visceral fat, despite little difference between food intake in the control and treated animal groups [25]. 

Includes satellite animals for pharmacokinetic evaluation. bNumber of animals/group includes several animals. 

Older studies have established lethal concentrations of inhalation exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane for experimental animals. Groups of rats were exposed to 1,2-dibromoethane at concentrations of 100-10,000 ppm and durations of 0.02-16 hours (Rowe et al. 1952). For each exposure concentration tested, several exposure durations were selected that were expected to encompass 0%-100% mortality. A total of 40 combinations of exposure concentration and duration were tested, using a total of 711 rats. Plots were constructed of concentration versus exposure duration expected to produce 99.99%, 50%, and 0.01 % mortality. Selected points from the 50% plot are illustrated in Figure 2-1 and recorded in Table 2-1. 

Traditionally, Northern blot analysis of isolated total RNA or mRNA has been used to determine differences in levels of mRNA between and among different animal groups, tissues or time-points. Standard protocols for performing Northern blot hybridization are available (Sambrook and Russell, 2001). Radioisotopic and colorimetric methods are available for probe labeling. The advantage of Northern blot analysis, especially... 

In the only study of lifetime oral exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene in laboratory animals, groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats were administered 1,4-dichlorobenzene by gavage in com oil 5 days a week for 103 weeks at doses of 150 or 300 mg/kg/day (males) or 300 or 600 mg/kg/day (females). Groups of male and female B6C3Fj mice were administered 1,4-dichlorobenzene at doses of 300 or 600 mg/kg/day... 

In laboratory animals, groups of Fischer 344 rats were administered 1,4-dichlorobenzene at concentrations ranging from 37.5 to 1,500 mg/kg/day by gavage in com oil 5 days a week for 13 weeks. No dermal effects were noted in any of the 1,4-dichlorobenzene-treated rats. In parallel studies with B6C3F] mice, no compound-related dermal effects were observed after administration of 1,4-dichloro-... 

There was also a dose-related trend for the incidence of hemangiosarcomas and mammary adenocarcinomas in female rats and hepatocellular carcinoma in male mice. High mortality in all animal groups obscured results. The National Cancer Institute determined that there was no conclusive evidence for carcinogenicity, but 1,1-dichloroethane should be treated with caution by analogy to other chloroethanes shown to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. ... 

Fig. 22.1 Erythrocytes of rats with sub-chronic poisoning by heavy metal salts, animal group 2 (a), and after treatment, animal group 3 (b). Light microscopy magnification x 40...

Introduction of HM mixture induced passive permeability of mitochondria membranes for K, and resulted in aggravation of proton permeability (Fig. 22.3). Statistically significant differences in swelling rate of mitochondria isolated from the rat liver between different animal groups, was observed in ammonium nitrate medium from the second minute tiU the end of the experiment. Similar dynamics... 

Fig. 22.5 Normalization of hepatocytes and ultrastmc-ture after the treatment course. Animal group 3. Electron microscopy, magnification x7500...

UNSEGMENTED The condition in many animal groups where the body is not divided into a linear series of similar parts arranged along the main axis. 

At the ultrastructural level, flatworm muscle resembles smooth muscle with individual, non-striated myofibrils being delimited by the sarcolemma and interconnected by gap junctions. Also, flatworm muscles lack a T-tubule system that is characteristic of striated muscle in other animal groups. The contractile portion of flatworm myofibrils contains thick myosin and thin actin filaments that connect with the sarcolemma via attachment plaques or desmo-somes. Actomyosin cross-bridges have been reported and where overlap has been observed, ratios that vary from 9 1 to 12 1 have been observed. Although flatworm muscle is mostly non-striated, pseudo-striated (e.g. in the tail of schistosome cercariae Dorsey et al., 2002 Mair et al., 2003) and obliquely striated (e.g. tentacular bulb of the trypanorhynch, Crillotia eri-naceus Ward et al., 1986) muscles have been reported. It is presumed that the role played by these structures has demanded the development... 

LD50 is the dose of a chemical required to kill one-half of a test-animal group in 14 days. 

Animal group Dopamine ng/gm DOPAC ng/gm 5-HT ng/gm 5HIAA ng/gm DOPAC/DA 5HIAA/HT... 

Cells positive for NeuN, TUNEL, and Fluoro-Jade were evaluated in grids of 800 pm x 500 pm (CAl) or 800 pm x 1,000 pm (neocortex and striatum). Areas were determined by public domain software (ImageJ http //rsb.info.nih.gov/ij). The number of positive cells was divided by the respective area (total area or frame area). Thus, single-labeled cells for any marker were quantified densitometrically (cells/mm2). Densities were averaged to obtain a mean density value for each region/animal group. 

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